Anti-ROR2 Antibodies

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to antibodies, and in particular, to antibodies exhibiting specificity for Receptor tyrosine kinase-like Orphan Receptors (ROR), and to uses thereof for example in the treatment of cancer. The invention extends to polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences encoding the antibodies, and therapeutic uses thereof, and to diagnostic kits comprising these molecules. The invention also extends to antibody-drug conjugates and to uses thereof in therapy.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/131,128, filed Mar. 10, 2015, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/219,587, filed Sep. 16, 2015, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

DESCRIPTION OF THE TEXT FILE SUBMITTED ELECTRONICALLY

The contents of the text file submitted electronically herewith are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety: A computer readable format copy of the Sequence Listing (filename: 74798PCT1 SeqList_ST25.txt, date recorded: 10 Mar. 2016, file size: 106 kilobytes).

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to antibodies, and in particular, to antibodies exhibiting specificity for the Receptor tyrosine kinase-like Orphan Receptor 2 (ROR2), and to uses thereof, for example in the treatment of cancer. The invention extends to polynucleotide sequences encoding the antibodies and corresponding polypeptide sequences, and compositions comprising these polypeptide or polynucleotide molecules and therapeutic uses thereof. Diagnostic kits comprising these molecules and diagnostic methods using these molecules are also described. The invention also extends to antibody-drug conjugates and to uses thereof in therapy. The invention also extends to methods of making these molecules or antibodies.

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most prevalent malignant tumour of bone in children and adolescents.¹ It affects about 400 children under age 20 and about 500 adults (most between the ages of 15-30) every year in the USA, and approximately ⅓ of the 900 will die each year. A second peak in incidence occurs in the elderly, usually associated with an underlying bone pathology such as Paget's disease, medullary infarct, or prior irradiation.¹ Osteosarcoma is characterized by the direct formation of osteoid or bone by tumor cells, and displays aggressive growth in the primary lesion and high propensity for lung metastasis. The introduction of sophisticated adjuvant chemotherapy has dramatically improved the outcome for patients with localized disease, but has not altered the prognosis of patients with metastatic disease. Prior to 1975, curability ranged from 5 to 20%, even for patients with localized disease of the extremity.

Despite advances in therapeutic approaches initiated in the 1980s, culminating in an overall patient survival of 50-70%,² improvements since then have been relatively small. Options are particularly limited among patients refractory to standard chemotherapy. Late toxicities can be disabling and distressing among survivors.² Molecular alterations are potential targets for novel therapies that may be more selective.⁴ For example, migration-invasion, resistance to anoikis and apoptosis, and angiogenesis have all been linked to the Wnt/β-catenin pathways. Immunotherapy is another modality with high potential for sarcomas. Active immunotherapy offers a specific and possibly permanent protection from tumour relapse. Immunostimulatory agents for OS have included transfer factor,⁵ interferon-alpha,⁶ Muramyl Tripeptide-Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine (MTP-PE),⁷ GM-CSF,⁸ and IL-12.⁹ Several potential antibody targets have been identified in OS; these include GD2,¹⁰ CSPG4,¹¹ CD55,¹² HER-2,¹³ and ROR2.¹⁴ While anti-GD2 therapy is now an established target for neuroblastoma,¹⁵ its painful treatment side effects are not acceptable for most adolescents or young adults. HER-2 expression is upregulated in OS, and the Phase II trial of trastuzumab was recently completed by Children's Oncology Group (COG). However, a limitation of trastuzumab treatment is that HER-2 expression is heterogeneous and often has low expression in osteosarcoma.¹³ Osteosarcoma treatment remains an unmet medical need, and more effective, tumour-specific therapies are needed to improve overall outcome.

Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumour of children. Of the 700 new cases a year in the USA, 50-60% of patients present with an unresectable primary tumour and metastases in bone marrow (BM).¹⁶ Intensive induction chemotherapy and aggressive surgery have improved remission rates in young patients;¹⁷⁻¹⁹ results, however, have been less encouraging for adolescents and adults whose NB tends to be chemoresistant.^(20,21) A cure has remained elusive due to the difficulty in eradicating minimal residual disease (MRD), despite post-surgical use of local radiotherapy to control MRD in the primary site,²² as well as myeloablative therapy (with stem-cell support) and treatment with the vitamin A derivative 13-cis-retinoic acid to control MRD in distant sites. Cure rate has been <30% at toxicity limits for stage 4 patients diagnosed at >18 months of age.²³

Monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy is an accepted treatment modality for cancers, with less than to mAbs currently FDA approved for treatment of solid tumours in adults, including colorectal, breast and non small cell lung cancer, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma.^(24,25)

This modality, however, has remained inadequately exploited for treatment of paediatric cancers. Unlike chemotherapy or radiation, mAb therapy is neither myelosuppressive nor genotoxic, generally with few long term toxicities. These are critical considerations for young children and adolescents. More importantly, mAbs are effective against cancer in blood, bone marrow and bone metastases found in high risk NB and OS. As a class of agents, the pharmacokinetics and toxicities of human or humanized IgG1 antibodies have been extensively studied. In addition, antibodies can carry cytotoxic payloads, which can be immune based, radioisotopes, toxins or enzymes, thereby increasing the options for targeted therapy. NB is a disease where mAbs have definitively shown clinical benefit. mAbs can mediate highly efficient antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of NB in the presence of human white cells. mAbs also induce complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) because NB cells lack decay accelerating factor CD55²⁶ and homologous restriction factor CD59.²⁷ Moreover, complement deposition on NB cells enhances ADCC through activation of the iC3b receptor on neutrophils.^(28,29) is an adhesion molecule abundant on NB and is also widely expressed among melanoma, small cell lung cancer, bone or soft tissue sarcoma, retinoblastoma and brain tumor.³⁰ GD2 is rarely expressed in normal tissues except neurons, skin cells and pain fibers. Scintigraphy studies using radiolabeled anti-GD2 mAbs have confirmed specific tumor targeting.³⁰ At least two antibody families have been tested clinically, i.e. murine 3F8³¹ and ch14.18³² Ch14.18 was constructed from the murine mAb 14.18 variable region and human IgG1κ constant regions.³³ The antibody demonstrates ADCC and CDC of NB and melanoma cells in vitro.³⁴⁻³⁷ COG completed a randomized phase III trial that clearly demonstrated the efficacy of combination therapy using anti-GD2 ch14.18 with GM-CSF and IL-2 for prevention of NB relapse.¹⁵ However, despite this clinical success, painful side effects and the requirement of cytokines to achieve benefit limit the broad utility of chL4.18.

ROR1 and ROR2 are emerging targets for antibody based immunotherapy⁶⁰. ROR2 is a type-I transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase important in developmental biology. The extracellular region of ROR2 contains an immunoglobulin (Ig) domain, a cysteine-rich domain (CRD), also called a Frizzled domain, and a Kringle (Kr) domain. All three domains are involved in protein-protein interactions. Intracellularly, ROR2 possesses a tyrosine kinase (TK) domain and a proline-rich domain (PRD) straddled by two serine/threonine-rich domains. ROR2 is normally expressed at high levels during development, playing a key role in skeletal and neural organogenesis, but then expression is suppressed in adult tissues.³⁸ ROR2 has been shown to play a role in establishing cellular polarity and in tumor-like behavior, such as cell migration and cell invasiveness.^(14,39,40) Wnt5a and 5b, glycoproteins critical in carcinogenesis, have been identified to regulate these functions by binding and activating ROR2.44^(14,41,42) Wnt5a/b binding to ROR2 and its co-receptor, Frizzled (Fz), can activate the JNK pathway and filamin A to regulate cell migration and invasion, Rac1 and Rho A to regulate cell polarity, Src family members to modulate the expression of matrix metalloproteases such as MMP^(1,2,13), and inhibit the canonical Wnt pathways.^(40,41)

ROR2 is an embryonic protein. In mice, it is expressed only during the developmental stage. ROR2 expression is quickly silenced after birth, and is normally undetectable or expressed at very low levels in adult tissues.³⁸ ROR2-deficient mice exhibit widespread skeletal abnormalities, ventricular septal defects in the heart, and respiratory dysfunction, leading to neonatal lethality.^(38,43-46) In human, homozygous mutations in ROR2 have been shown to be responsible for Robinow syndrome, a skeletal dysplasia syndrome characterized by generalized limb shortening, segmental defects of the spine, and dysmorphic facial appearance, while heterozygous mutations have been found in patients with dominant brachydactyly B1, characterized by terminal deficiency of fingers and toes.^(47,48)

ROR2 is highly expressed in several types of human cancer tissues, such as OS,¹⁴ renal cell carcinoma,⁴⁹ gastric cancer,^(50,51) malignant melanoma,⁵² oral squamous cell carcinoma,⁵³ prostate cancer,⁵⁴ leimyosarcoma⁶¹, Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumour (GIST)⁶¹, and NB (Cheung et al., unpublished results). ROR2 is transactivated in a majority of OS, and knockdown of ROR2 in OS cell lines results in significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion.^(14,55) Evidence links Wnt5a and ROR2 within OS, where ROR2 has an additional role in the degradation of the extracellular matrix and invadopodia formation.⁵⁵ Research has also shown that expression of ROR2 tends to increase as the degree of malignancy rises in oral squamous cell carcinoma and in metastatic nodules of melanoma.^(52,53) In a xenograft metastasis model, silencing ROR2 significantly decreased lung metastasis of melanoma cells.⁵² Like its mouse counterpart, human ROR2 expression cannot be detected in normal adult tissues, except for low levels in stomach and thyroid.¹⁴ Overexpression of ROR2 appears to strongly correlate with poor survival in patients with NB. This differential expression of ROR2 between human cancers and normal tissues makes it an excellent therapeutic target.

Therapeutic antibodies have achieved great success in treatment of cancer, autoimmune and infectious diseases in the past decade. As the fastest growing class of innovative drugs, there are more than 350 candidates in different phases of clinical trials. The proposed research is for the development of a highly-specific antibody drug against ROR2 for treatment of various cancers, such as osteosarcoma and neuroblastoma. The unique expression profile of ROR2 suggests that a successful ROR2 specific antibody drug can be expected to have high potency and low side effects compared to existing treatments. An effective new antibody therapy could potentially prolong survival without the late effects for children and young adults. In the modern era of personalized medicine, advances in the production, safety and efficacy of monoclonal antibody drugs for orphan indications should make antibody cancer therapy attractive from a public health finance standpoint as well.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a better understanding of the invention, and to show how embodiments of the same may be carried into effect, reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying Figures, in which:—

FIG. 1 is a Kaplan Meier curve showing that high expression levels of ROR2 correlate with poorer overall survival among neuroblastoma patients. The Kaplan Meier curve was generated using the publically available database and software algorithm from the Oncogenomics Section, Pediatric—Oncology Branch of the National Cancer Institute. http://home.ccr.cancer.gov/oncology/oncogenomics/). The database used for these plots was previously published.⁵⁶

FIG. 2 is a flow diagram showing how fully human antibody candidates were identified and generated using a human single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody phage display. Protein panning against human ROR2 ECD-Fc fusion protein was conducted using Eureka Therapeutics' proprietary fully human phage libraries. ECD is extracellular domain. The human ROR2 ECD-specific phage antibody binders were enriched.

FIG. 3 shows the results of a protein ELISA for ROR2 conducted using specific scFv phage antibody clones. ELISA plates were coated with human ROR2 ECD-Fc fusion protein, control-Fc fusion protein, or PBS alone as blank control, respectively. Individual phage clones from enriched phage display panning pools against ROR2 ECD-Fc fusion protein were incubated in the coated plates. Binding of the phage clones was detected by HRP-conjugated anti-M13 antibodies and developed using HRP substrate. The absorbance was read at 450 nm.

FIG. 4 is a schematic description of the phage competition ELISA for ROR2-specific phage antibody clones with ROR2-ECD Fc fusion proteins. The assay was used to rank the ROR2 human antibodies by their binding affinity against ROR2-ECD Fc fusion proteins.

FIG. 5 is a graph showing the results of a protein ELISA, which shows phage antibody clones capable of binding to ROR2. ELISA plates were coated with human ROR2 ECD-Fc fusion protein, human ROR1 ECD-Fc fusion protein, control-Fc fusion protein, or PBS alone as blank control, respectively. Phage clones #240, #241, #081, #090, #024, #027, #005 and #023, which target the ROR2 ECD-Fc fusion protein, were incubated in the coated plates. Binding of the phage clones was detected by HRP-conjugated anti-M13 antibodies and developed using HRP substrate. The absorbance was read at 450 nm.

FIG. 6 is a representative figure of a FACS analysis of the ROR2-specific phage antibody clone #90. Phage clone #90 was incubated with HCT116 cells (ROR1(+) and ROR2(+), see FIG. 8), then with biotin-labeled anti-M13 antibody after washing. Finally FITC-labeled streptavidin was added to the reaction after washing again. The binding was measured by FACS and expressed as mean fluorescence intensity (MFI). Cells incubated with M13 K07 helper phage and cells only were used as negative controls.

FIG. 7 is representative figure of a FACS analysis of the ROR2-specific phage antibody clone #90. Phage clone #90 was incubated with Jurkat cells (ROR1(−) a=nd ROR2(−) see FIG. 8), then with biotin-labeled anti-M13 antibody after washing. Finally FITC-labeled streptavidin was added to the reaction after washing again. The binding was measured by FACS and expressed as mean fluorescence intensity (MFI). Cells incubated with M13 K07 helper phage and cells only were used as negative controls.

FIG. 8 is a FACs analysis of HCT116 and Jurkat cells binding to commercial ROR1 antibody (control 2)—a goat-anti ROR1 polyclonal antibody (R&D system), ROR2 antibody (control 1)—a goat-anti ROR2 polyclonal antibody (R&D system) and cell only negative controls.

FIG. 9a is a mammalian expression vector map for the light chain of embodiments of antibodies according to the invention, and FIG. 9b is a proprietary mammalian expression vector map for the heavy chain of embodiments of antibodies according to the invention.

FIG. 10 is a SDS PAGE of full-length human IgG1 ROR2 antibody clone #90.

FIG. 11 shows the results of a ROR2 epitope mapping ELISA result conducted using ROR2 clone #90.

FIG. 12 indicates where the binding epitope of ROR2 antibody, #90, is located with respect to the primary structure of ROR2. ROR2 #90 recognizes a linear epitope KTITATGVLFVRLGP (SEQ ID No. 228), which is located in the C-terminal of the ROR2 Ig domain. This sequence is not shared by ROR1 or any other human proteins when determined by PBLAST.

FIG. 13 shows the binding specificity of the following five purified full-length IgG1 antibodies: clone #23, #27, #90, #240 and #241. ELISA assays were carried out as follows: 20 ng of ROR2 ECD recombinant protein were coated onto 96-well ELISA plates overnight at 4° C. Anti-ROR2 IgG1s at different dilutions were incubated in the antigen wells for 1 hour at RT. Bound IgG1s were detected with anti-human Fc-HRP antibody (1:10,000, BD Biosciences). The 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) substrate (Sigma-Aldrich) was added and the reaction was read at 490 nm. These ELISAs confirmed the binding of the IgGs to ROR2 ECD. Meanwhile, all the ROR2 antibodies tested were stable after multiple freeze-and-thaw (F&T) cycles, demonstrated by ROR2 ECD ELISA. The diamond curves represent antibody-antigen binding of non-frozen ROR2 antibodies; the triangle curves represent antibody-antigen binding of antibodies after multiple freeze-and-thaw cycles. Each point represents triplicate results.

FIG. 14 shows the results of an ELISA which shows that full length ROR2 hIgG1 antibodies based on clones #23, #27 and #90 bind to a ROR2 positive cancer cell line K562. ROR2 hIgG1 antibodies (2 ug/ml or 10 ug/ml) were incubated with K562 cells, then washed with PBS, and stained with FTC-conjugated anti-human IgG (H+L) secondary antibody (Vector Lab). Then the cells were washed again in PBS and analyzed by flow cytometry. Goat anti-human ROR2 polyclonal antibody (R&D system) was used as positive control. Negative control include cell only control, anti-human IgG secondary antibody control and anti-goat antibody control.

FIG. 15 is an SDS PAGE of ROR2 bispecific antibody (ROR2 BsAb antibody) clones performed using a non-reducing gel.

FIGS. 16 to 20 are the results of various CTL assays, which show that ROR2 BsAb antibodies kill cancer cells in a ROR2-dependent manner in in vitro T cell killing assays. Tumour cytotoxicity was assayed by ⁵¹Cr release as previously described⁵⁰, and EC50 was calculated using SigmaPlot software. Effector T cells were purified from human PBMC using Pan T cell isolation kit, and then activated and expanded with CD3/CD28 Dynabeads (Invitrogen) according to manufacturer's protocol. Activated T cells (ATC) were cultured and maintained in F10 medium plus 30 U/ml IL-2, and used at day 14-21. CD3+ T cells were above 99% by FACS analysis. The antibodies killed multiple ROR2 positive cancer cell lines (U2OS, BE(1)N, LAN-1 and AU565) efficiently in the in vitro T cell killing assays, but none of the ROR2 BsAb antibodies killed the ROR2 negative cancer cell line M14 (see FIGS. 16-19). In FIG. 20, the same T cell killing assays were conducted against a ROR2 negative cancer cell line, M14 cells.

FIG. 21 shows that BsAb antibodies, ROR2 #90 and ROR2 #240, are capable of shrinking a human breast cancer tumour in the presence of human PBMCs in vivo. Purified human PBMC (discard from blood bank) were mixed with MCF7 breast cancer cells (1:1 ratio, 7 million each) in Matrigel (BD Biosciences) and implanted subcutaneously (sc) into DKO mice in the right flank. Daily iv injections of 10 μg of BsAb antibody was given on days 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 (a total of to days) post implantation. Daily iv injections of 20 μg herceptin were given on days 4, 7, 11, 14, 18, 21 (a total of 6 doses) post implantation. Tumour size was measured by calipers once a week, and tumor volumes were calculated using the approximated formula: V=0.5*(length*width*width). % growth was then calculated.

FIG. 22 shows that a ROR2 BsAb (clone#90-BsAb) antibody is capable of shrinking a human neuroblastoma tumour in vivo. Purified PBMC (discard from blood bank) were mixed with SKNBE(2)S neuroblastoma cells (1:2 ratio, 2.5×106 PBMC, 5×106 tumor cells) in Matrigel (BD Biosciences) and implanted subcutaneously (sc) into the right flank of DKO mice. Daily injections of 10 μg of antibody were given on days 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 (a total of to days) post implantation. Tumour size was measured by calipers once a week, and tumor volumes were calculated using the approximated formula: V=0.5*(length*width*width). % growth was then calculated.

FIG. 23 shows the results of an in vitro characterization of ROR2 #90 chimeric antibody receptor (CAR) performed using FACS. ROR2 #90 CAR and control 901 CAR were constructed using retroviral CAR expression vector pMSCV-BBz-ires-EGFP. Both CAR structures were evaluated using stable transduction of human T lymphocytes. PG13 (GaLV pseudotyped) packaging cell line was used for transfection of pMSCV plasmids. Human T-cells were used for transduction after 4-day stimulation and expansion with CD3/CD28 beads (Dynabeads®, Invitrogen) in the presence of interleukine-2 at 30 U/ml. Cell free supernatant was filtered and applied on T-cells in Retronectin (Takara) coated 6-well plates at 48 and 72 hours after PG13 virus producer cell line transfection. Transduction efficiency was assessed by FACS using biotinylated Protein-L (primary) antibody (GeneScript) and PE-conjugated (secondary) antibody (BD Biosciences). Repeat FACS analyses were done at 72 hours and every 3-4 days thereafter. Level of transduction was about 50% for both constructs. Of note, detected GFP expression was miniscule (1-3%).

FIG. 24 shows the results of a 4-hour ⁵¹Cr release assay, which was used to assess the functional activity of transduced T cells. T cells transduced with pMSCV 3F8-BBz-CAR served as control effectors. Effector-to-target ratios were 5:1, 10:1, 25:1. Two neuroblastoma cell lines, which express ROR2, were used as targets: SKNMM with 71% ROR2 positivity, and SKNSH with 99% positivity by FACS. This Figure shows the ROR2#90 CAR specific killing against SKNSH cells when compared to control. Clone#90-CAR T cells exhibited higher level of cytotoxicity against SKNSH as compared to 901 control CAR T cells at E:T ratios 10:1 and 25:1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The inventors focused their investigations on Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-Like Orphan Receptor 2 (ROR2), as they considered it to be a promising novel therapeutic target for the treatment of various types of cancer, such as neuroblastoma and osteosarcoma, especially in children and adolescents. However, the inventors found that a significant problem involved in the development of effective ROR2-targeting monoclonal antibody diagnostics and therapies is that ROR2 has 62% amino acid sequence identity with ROR1. ROR1 is expressed in adipose tissues and early stages of normal B cell development⁶². Accordingly, an effective antibody treatment directed at ROR2 for neuroblastoma (for example) must be able to avoid ROR1 cross reactivity in normal (non-cancerous) tissues. Similarly, an effective antibody treatment directed at ROR2 for osteosarcoma (for example) must be able to avoid cross reactivity with adipose tissues and early B cells.

One way to overcome the challenge of the sequence identity between ROR1 and ROR2 is to identify a high affinity antibody that can bind to ROR2 positive cancer cells without cross reactivity with ROR1.

The objective of the present invention therefore is to develop highly-specific and high-affinity anti-ROR2 monoclonal antibodies that will target and kill cancerous cells with minimal side effects to normal tissues. By panning against the human ROR2 extracellular domain (ECD) protein using a fully-human antibody phage library, the inventors have now been able to isolate a highly specific human ROR2-specific antibody with no cross reactivity to ROR1.

Therefore, according to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a human anti-Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-Like Orphan Receptor 2 (ROR2) antibody, or a functional fragment thereof.

Advantageously, the inventors have isolated the first ever fully human ROR2-immunospecific antibody, and developed a ROR2-targeting antibody therapy for ROR2-positive cancer types, such as neuroblastoma or osteosarcoma, thereby addressing an unmet medical need. Targeting ROR2 by antibodies according to the invention for cancer therapy is based on the important scientific finding that ROR2 is aberrantly expressed in cancer cells, but expressed at low levels in normal blood cells and normal adult tissues (see Example 11), and therefore provides a highly specific therapy which targets only cancerous cells and tumours (see Examples 8 and 9).

As described in the Examples, several different embodiments of the fully human and unique anti-ROR2 antibody of the invention have been isolated, each of these antibodies being capable of recognizing distinct binding epitopes on ROR2 protein with surprisingly high affinity (i.e. antibody clone #16, #23, #24, #27, #84, #90, #93, #96, #121, #159, #173, #240 and #241). Advantageously, full length antibodies of the invention can: (i) mediate complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), (ii) mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against various ROR2-positive cancer cell lines, and (iii) shrink the size of ROR2-positive tumours, as shown in Example 9. The inventors believe that this is the first time that a fully human anti-ROR2 antibody has been isolated, identified and sequenced. The antibodies of the invention therefore present a highly effective therapeutic agent when used alone, or as a vehicle that is capable of delivering potent anti-cancer reagents, or as an engineered antibody exhibiting enhanced immune functions. Additionally, the antibody of the invention may also be used as a diagnostic or prognostic tool.

The invention extends to both whole antibodies (i.e. immunoglobulins) with immunospecificity for a ROR2 protein, preferably an extracellular domain thereof, as well as to functional fragments thereof. Such fragments retain at least one antigen binding region of the corresponding full-length antibody. The antibody or functional fragment thereof may comprise a human monoclonal or polyclonal antibody or functional fragment thereof.

The antibody or functional fragment may be monovalent, divalent or polyvalent. Monovalent antibodies are dimers (HL) comprising a heavy (H) chain associated by a disulphide bridge with a light chain (L). Divalent antibodies are tetramer (H2L2) comprising two dimers associated by at least one disulphide bridge. Polyvalent antibodies may also be produced, for example by linking multiple dimers. The basic structure of an antibody molecule consists of two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains which associate non-covalently and can be linked by disulphide bonds. Each heavy and light chain contains an amino-terminal variable region of about 110 amino acids, and constant sequences in the remainder of the chain. The variable region includes several hypervariable regions, or Complementarity Determining Regions (CDRs), that form the antigen-binding site of the antibody molecule and determine its specificity for the antigen, i.e. ROR2 or an epitope thereof. On either side of the CDRs of the heavy and light chains is a framework region, a relatively conserved sequence of amino acids that anchors and orients the CDRs. Antibody fragments may include a bi-specific antibody (BsAb) or a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR).

The constant region consists of one of five heavy chain sequences (μ, γ, ζ, α, or ε) and one of two light chain sequences (κ or λ). The heavy chain constant region sequences determine the isotype of the antibody and the effector functions of the molecule.

As used herein, the term “human antibody” can mean an antibody, such as a monoclonal antibody, which comprises substantially the same heavy and light chain CDR amino acid sequences as found in a particular human antibody exhibiting immunospecificity for ROR2 protein. An amino acid sequence, which is substantially the same as a heavy or light chain CDR, exhibits a considerable amount of sequence identity when compared to a reference sequence. Such identity is definitively known or recognizable as representing the amino acid sequence of the particular human antibody. Substantially the same heavy and light chain CDR amino acid sequence can have, for example, minor modifications or conservative substitutions of amino acids. Such a human antibody maintains its function of selectively binding to ROR2 protein.

The term “human monoclonal antibody” can include a monoclonal antibody with substantially or entirely human CDR amino acid sequences produced, for example by recombinant methods such as production by a phage library, by lymphocytes or by hybridoma cells.

The term “humanised antibody” can mean an antibody from a non-human species (e.g. mouse) whose protein sequences have been modified to increase their similarity to antibodies produced naturally in humans.

The antibody may be a recombinant antibody. The term “recombinant human antibody” can include a human antibody produced using recombinant DNA technology.

The term “antigen binding region” can mean a region of the antibody having specific binding affinity for its target antigen, for example, the ROR2 protein, or an epitope thereof. The binding region may be a hypervariable CDR or a functional portion thereof. The term “functional portion” of a CDR can mean a sequence within the CDR which shows specific affinity for the target antigen. The functional portion of a CDR may comprise a ligand which specifically binds to ROR2 protein.

The term “CDR” can mean a hypervariable region in the heavy and light variable chains. There may be one, two, three or more CDRs in each of the heavy and light chains of the antibody. Normally, there are at least three CDRs on each chain which, when configured together, form the antigen-binding site, i.e. the three-dimensional combining site with which the antigen binds or specifically reacts. It has however been postulated that there may be four CDRs in the heavy chains of some antibodies.

The definition of CDR also includes overlapping or subsets of amino acid residues when compared against each other. The exact residue numbers which encompass a particular CDR or a functional portion thereof will vary depending on the sequence and size of the CDR. Those skilled in the art can routinely determine which residues comprise a particular CDR given the variable region amino acid sequence of the antibody.

The term “functional fragment” of an antibody can mean a portion of the antibody which retains a functional activity. A functional activity can be, for example antigen binding activity or specificity. A functional activity can also be, for example, an effector function provided by an antibody constant region. The term “functional fragment” is also intended to include, for example, fragments produced by protease digestion or reduction of a human monoclonal antibody and by recombinant DNA methods known to those skilled in the art. Human monoclonal antibody functional fragments include, for example individual heavy or light chains and fragments thereof, such as VL, VH and Fd; monovalent fragments, such as Fv, Fab, and Fab′; bivalent fragments such as F(ab′)₂; single chain Fv (scFv); and Fc fragments.

The term “VL fragment” can mean a fragment of the light chain of a human monoclonal antibody which includes all or part of the light chain variable region, including the CDRs. A VL fragment can further include light chain constant region sequences.

The term “VH fragment” can means a fragment of the heavy chain of a human monoclonal antibody which includes all or part of the heavy chain variable region, including the CDRs.

The term “Fd fragment” can mean the heavy chain variable region coupled to the first heavy chain constant region, i.e. VH and CH-1. The “Fd fragment” does not include the light chain, or the second and third constant regions of the heavy chain.

The term “Fv fragment” can mean a monovalent antigen-binding fragment of a human monoclonal antibody, including all or part of the variable regions of the heavy and light chains, and absent of the constant regions of the heavy and light chains. The variable regions of the heavy and light chains include, for example, the CDRs. For example, an Fv fragment includes all or part of the amino terminal variable region of about 110 amino acids of both the heavy and light chains.

The term “Fab fragment” can mean a monovalent antigen-binding fragment of a human monoclonal antibody that is larger than an Fv fragment. For example, a Fab fragment includes the variable regions, and all or part of the first constant domain of the heavy and light chains. Thus, a Fab fragment additionally includes, for example, amino acid residues from about 110 to about 220 of the heavy and light chains.

The term “Fab′ fragment” can mean a monovalent antigen-binding fragment of a human monoclonal antibody that is larger than a Fab fragment. For example, a Fab′ fragment includes all of the light chain, all of the variable region of the heavy chain, and all or part of the first and second constant domains of the heavy chain. For example, a Fab′ fragment can additionally include some or all of amino acid residues 220 to 330 of the heavy chain.

The term “F(ab′)₂ fragment” can mean a bivalent antigen-binding fragment of a human monoclonal antibody. An F(ab′)₂ fragment includes, for example, all or part of the variable regions of two heavy chains—and two light chains, and can further include all or part of the first constant domains of two heavy chains and two light chains.

The term “single chain Fv (scFv)” can mean a fusion of the variable regions of the heavy (VH) and light chains (VL) connected with a short linker peptide.

The term “bispecific antibody (BsAb)” can mean a bispecific antibody comprising two scFv linked to each other by a shorter linked peptide.

The term “peptide” as used herein refers to a polymer of amino acid residues typically ranging in length from 2 to about 30, or to about 40, or to about 50, or to about 60, or to about 70 residues. In certain embodiments the peptide ranges in length from about 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, or 11 residues to about 60, 50, 45, 40, 45, 30, 25, 20, or 15 residues. In certain embodiments the peptide ranges in length from about 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 residues to about 15, 20 or 25 residues. In certain embodiments the amino acid residues comprising the peptide are “L-form” amino acid residues, however, it is recognized that in various embodiments, “D” amino acids can be incorporated into the peptide. Peptides also include amino acid polymers in which one or more amino acid residues is an artificial chemical analogue of a corresponding naturally occurring amino acid, as well as to naturally occurring amino acid polymers. In addition, the term applies to amino acids joined by a peptide linkage or by other, “modified linkages” (e.g., where the peptide bond is replaced by an a-ester, a f3-ester, a thioamide, phosphonamide, carbamate, hydroxylate, and the like (see, e.g., Spatola, (1983) Chem. Biochem. Amino Acids and Proteins 7: 267-357), where the amide is replaced with a saturated amine (see, e.g., Skiles et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,496,542, which is incorporated herein by reference, and Kaltenbronn et al., (1990) Pp. 969-970 in Proc. 11th American Peptide Symposium, ESCOM Science Publishers, The Netherlands, and the like)).

The term “residue” as used herein refers to natural, synthetic, or modified amino acids. Various amino acid analogues include, but are not limited to 2-aminoadipic acid, 3-aminoadipic acid, beta-alanine (beta-aminopropionic acid), 2-aminobutyric acid, 4-aminobutyric acid, piperidinic acid, 6-aminocaproic acid, 2-aminoheptanoic acid, 2-aminoisobutyric acid, 3-aminoisobutyric acid, 2-aminopimelic acid, 2,4 diaminobutyric acid, desmosine, 2,2′-diaminopimelic acid, 2,3-diaminopropionic acid, n-ethylglycine, nethylasparagine, hydroxylysine, allo-hydroxylysine, 3-hydroxyproline, 4-hydroxyproline, isodesmosine, allo-isoleucine, n-methylglycine, sarcosine, n-methylisoleucine, 6-nmethyllysine, n-methylvaline, norvaline, norleucine, ornithine, and the like. These modified amino acids are illustrative and not intended to be limiting.

“f3-peptides” comprise of “f3 amino acids”, which have their amino group bonded to the f3 carbon rather than the a-carbon as in the 20 standard biological amino acids. The only commonly naturally occurring f3 amino acid is f3-alanine.

Where an amino acid sequence is provided herein, L-, D-, or beta amino acid versions of the sequence are also contemplated as well as retro, inversion, and retroinversion isoforms. In addition, conservative substitutions are contemplated. Non-protein backbones, such as PEG, alkane, ethylene bridged, ester backbones, and other backbones are also contemplated. Also fragments ranging in length from about 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 amino acids up to the full length minus one amino acid of the peptide are contemplated where the fragment retains at least 50%, preferably at least 60% 70% or 80%, more preferably at least 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or at least 100% of the activity of the full length peptide are contemplated.

In certain embodiments, conservative substitutions of the amino acids comprising any of the sequences described herein are contemplated. In various embodiments one, two, three, four, or five different residues are substituted. The term “conservative substitution” is used to reflect amino acid substitutions that do not substantially alter the activity of the molecule. Typically conservative amino acid substitutions involve substitution one amino acid for another amino acid with similar chemical properties (e.g. charge or hydrophobicity). Certain conservative substitutions include “analog substitutions” where a standard amino acid is replaced by a non-standard (e.g., rare, synthetic, etc) amino acid differing minimally from the parental residue. Amino acid analogs are considered to be derived synthetically from the standard amino acids without sufficient change to the structure of the parent, are isomers, or are metabolite precursors. Examples of such “analog substitutions” include, but are not limited to, 1) Lys-Om, 2) Leu-Norleucine, 3) LysLys[TFA], 4) Phe-Phe[Gly], and 5) 8-amino butylglycine-˜-amino hexylglycine, where Phe[gly] refers to phenylglycine (a Phe derivative with a H rather than CH3 component in the R group), and Lys[TFA] refers to a Lys where a negatively charged ion (e.g., TFA) is attached to the amine R group.

Other conservative substitutions include “functional substitutions” where the general chemistries of the two residues are similar, and can be sufficient to mimic or partially recover the function of the native peptide. Strong functional substitutions include, but are not limited to 1) Gly/Ala, 2) Arg/Lys, 3) Ser/Tyr/Thr, 4) Leu/He/Val, 5) Asp/Glu, 6) Gln/Asn, and 7) Phe/Trp/Tyr, while other functional substitutions include, but are not limited to 8) Gly/Ala/Pro, 9) Tyr/His, 10) Arg/Lys/His, 11) Ser/Thr/Cys, 12) Leu/Ile/VaVMet, and 13) Met/Lys (special case under hydrophobic conditions). Various “broad conservative substations” include substitutions where amino acids replace other amino acids from the same biochemical or biophysical grouping. This is similarity at a basic level and stems from efforts to classify the original 20 natural amino acids. Such substitutions include 1) nonpolar side chains: Gly/AlaN al/Leu/Ile/Met/Pro/Phe/Trp, and/or 2) uncharged polar side chains Ser/Thr/Asn/Gln/Tyr/Cys. In certain embodiments broad-level substitutions can also occur as paired substitutions. For example, Any hydrophilic neutral pair [Ser, Thr, Gln, Asn, Tyr, Cys]+[Ser, Thr, Gln, Asn, Tyr, Cys] can may be replaced by a charge-neutral charged pair [Arg, Lys, His]+[Asp, Glu]. The following six groups each contain amino acids that, in certain embodiments, are typical conservative substitutions for one another: 1) Alanine (A), Serine (S), Threonine (T); 2) Aspartic acid (D), Glutamic acid (E); 3) Asparagine (N), Glutamine (Q); 4) Arginine (R), Lysine (K), Histidine (H); 5) Isoleucine (I), Leucine (L), Methionine (M), Valine (V); and 6) Phenylalanine (F), Tyrosine (Y), Tryptophan (W). Where amino acid sequences are disclosed herein, amino acid sequences comprising, one or more of the above-identified conservative substitutions are also contemplated.

One skilled in the art knows that the exact boundaries of a fragment of a human monoclonal antibody are not important, so long as the fragment maintains a functional activity. Using well-known recombinant methods, one skilled in the art can engineer a polynucleotide sequence to express a functional fragment with any endpoints desired for a particular application. A functional fragment of the antibody may comprise or consist of fragment with substantially the same heavy and light chain variable regions as the human antibody.

Preferably, the functional fragment, with respect to the first aspect of the invention, is ROR2-specific. Hence, the functional fragment preferably includes fragments wherein at least one of the binding region sequences has substantially the same amino acid sequence as the binding region sequences of the antibody, more preferably the ROR2-specific human antibody. The functional fragment may comprise or consist of any of the fragments selected from a group consisting of VH, VL, Fd, Fv, Fab, Fab′, scFv, F (ab′)₂ and Fe fragment.

The functional fragment may comprise or consist of any one of the antigen binding region sequences of the VL, any one of the antigen binding region sequences of the VH, or a combination of VL and VH antigen binding regions of a human antibody. The appropriate number and combination of VH and VL antigen binding region sequences may be determined by those skilled in the art depending on the desired affinity and specificity and the intended use of the functional fragment. Functional fragments of antibodies may be readily produced and isolated using methods well known to those skilled in the art. Such methods include, for example, proteolytic methods, recombinant methods and chemical synthesis. Proteolytic methods for the isolation of functional fragments comprise using human antibodies as a starting material. Enzymes suitable for proteolysis of human immunoglobulins may include, for example, papain, and pepsin. The appropriate enzyme may be readily chosen by one skilled in the art, depending on, for example, whether monovalent or bivalent fragments are required. For example, papain cleavage results in two monovalent Fab′ fragments that bind antigen and an Fc fragment. Pepsin cleavage, for example, results in a bivalent F (ab′) fragment. An F (ab′)₂. fragment of the invention may be further reduced using, for example, DTT or 2-mercaptoethanol to produce two monovalent Fab′ fragments.

Functional fragments produced by proteolysis may be purified by affinity and column chromatographic procedures. For example, undigested antibodies and Fc fragments may be removed by binding to protein A. Additionally, functional fragments may be purified by virtue of their charge and size, using, for example, ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. Such methods are well known to those skilled in the art.

The human antibody or functional fragment thereof may be produced by recombinant methodology. Preferably, one initially isolates a polynucleotide encoding desired regions of the antibody heavy and light chains. Such regions may include, for example, all or part of the variable region of the heavy and light chains. Preferably, such regions can particularly include the antigen binding regions of the heavy and light chains, preferably the antigen binding sites, most preferably the CDRs.

The polynucleotide encoding the human antibody or functional fragment of the invention may be produced using methods known to those skilled in the art. The polynucleotide encoding the antibody or a functional fragment thereof may be directly synthesized by methods of oligonucleotide synthesis known in the art. Alternatively, smaller fragments may be synthesized and joined to form a larger functional fragment using recombinant methods known in the art.

As used herein, the term “immunospecificity” can mean the binding region is capable of immunoreacting with a ROR2 protein, by specifically binding therewith. The antibody or functional fragment thereof can selectively interact with an antigen (e.g. ROR2 peptide) with an affinity constant of approximately 10⁻⁵ to 10⁻¹³ M⁻¹, preferably 10⁻⁶ to 10⁻⁹ M⁻¹, even more preferably, 10⁻¹⁰ to 10⁻¹² M⁻¹.

As shown in Table 7, kinetic binding analysis confirmed specific binding of the full length IgG1 antibodies to hROR2-ECD, with an equilibrium dissociation constant (K_(D)) in the picomolar range. Thus, preferably the K_(D) of the antibody or fragment thereof for ROR2 may be less than 1×10⁻⁹, preferably less than 1×10⁻¹⁰, more preferably less than 1×10⁻¹¹. The antibody or fragment thereof may exhibit an IC₅₀ for ROR2 of about 10⁻⁷ to 10⁻¹¹ M⁻¹ or 10⁻⁷ to 10⁻⁹ M⁻¹. The IC50 may be calculated using a competition ELISA.

The term “immunoreact” can mean the binding region is capable of eliciting an immune response upon binding with a ROR2 protein, or an epitope thereof.

The term “epitope” can mean any region of an antigen with ability to elicit, and combine with, a binding region of the antibody or fragment thereof.

As shown in FIGS. 21 and 22, the antibody or fragment thereof according to the invention may be capable of mediating killing or shrinking ROR2-expressing tumour cells. The antibodies or fragments according to the invention may be used to assist Complement-Dependent Cytotoxicity (CDC) and/or via Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC). The antibody or fragment may be capable of inhibiting cancer cell proliferation.

The term “ROR2” can refer to family 2 of the receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptors. The DNA sequence encoding one embodiment of human ROR2 is provided herein as SEQ ID No.224, as follows:

[SEQ ID No. 224] ATGGCCCGGGGCTCGGCGCTCCCGCGGCGGCCGCTGCTGTGCATCCCGGC CGTCTGGGCGGCCGCCGCGCTTCTGCTCTCAGTGTCCCGGACTTCAGGTG AAGTGGAGGTTCTGGATCCGAACGACCCTTTAGGACCCCTTGATGGGCAG GACGGCCCGATTCCAACTCTGAAAGGTTACTTTCTGAATTTTCTGGAGCC AGTAAACAATATCACCATTGTCCAAGGCCAGACGGCAATTCTGCACTGCA AGGTGGCAGGAAACCCACCCCCTAACGTGCGGTGGCTAAAGAATGATGCC CCGGTGGTGCAGGAGCCGCGGCGGATCATCATCCGGAAGACAGAATATGG TTCACGACTGCGAATCCAGGACCTGGACACGACAGACACTGGCTACTACC AGTGCGTGGCCACCAACGGGATGAAGACCATTACCGCCACTGGCGTCCTG TTTGTGCGGCTGGGTCCAACGCACAGCCCAAATCATAACTTTCAGGATGA TTACCACGAGGATGGGTTCTGCCAGCCTTACCGGGGAATTGCCTGTGCAC GCTTCATTGGCAACCGGACCATTTATGTGGACTCGCTTCAGATGCAGGGG GAGATTGAAAACCGAATCACAGCGGCCTTCACCATGATCGGCACGTCTAC GCACCTGTCGGACCAGTGCTCACAGTTCGCCATCCCATCCTTCTGCCACT TCGTGTTTCCTCTGTGCGACGCGCGCTCCCGGACACCCAAGCCGCGTGAG CTGTGCCGCGACGAGTGCGAGGTGCTGGAGAGCGACCTGTGCCGCCAGGA GTACACCATCGCCCGCTCCAACCCGCTCATCCTCATGCGGCTTCAGCTGC CCAAGTGTGAGGCGCTGCCCATGCCTGAGAGCCCCGACGCTGCCAACTGC ATGCGCATTGGCATCCCAGCCGAGAGGCTGGGCCGCTACCATCAGTGCTA TAACGGCTCAGGCATGGATTACAGAGGAACGGCAAGCACCACCAAGTCAG GCCACCAGTGCCAGCCGTGGGCCCTGCAGCACCCCCACAGCCACCACCTG TCCAGCACAGACTTCCCTGAGCTTGGAGGGGGGCACGCCTACTGCCGGAA CCCCGGAGGCCAGATGGAGGGCCCCTGGTGCTTTACGCAGAATAAAAACG TACGCATGGAACTGTGTGACGTACCCTCGTGTAGTCCCCGAGACAGCAGC AAGATGGGGATTCTGTACATCTTGGTCCCCAGCATCGCAATTCCACTGGT CATCGCTTGCCTTTTCTTCTTGGTTTGCATGTGCCGGAATAAGCAGAAGG CATCTGCGTCCACACCGCAGCGGCGACAGCTGATGGCCTCGCCCAGCCAA GACATGGAAATGCCCCTCATTAACCAGCACAAACAGGCCAAACTCAAAGA GATCAGCCTGTCTGCGGTGAGGTTCATGGAGGAGCTGGGAGAGGACCGGT TTGGGAAAGTCTACAAAGGTCACCTGTTCGGCCCTGCCCCGGGGGAGCAG ACCCAGGCTGTGGCCATCAAAACGCTGAAGGACAAAGCGGAGGGGCCCCT GCGGGAGGAGTTCCGGCATGAGGCTATGCTGCGAGCACGGCTGCAACACC CCAACGTCGTCTGCCTGCTGGGCGTGGTGACCAAGGACCAGCCCCTGAGC ATGATCTTCAGCTACTGTTCGCACGGCGACCTCCACGAATTCCTGGTCAT GCGCTCGCCGCACTCGGACGTGGGCAGCACCGATGATGACCGCACGGTGA AGTCCGCCCTGGAGCCCCCCGACTTCGTGCACCTTGTGGCACAGATCGCG GCGGGGATGGAGTACCTATCCAGCCACCACGTGGTTCACAAGGACCTGGC CACCCGCAATGTGCTAGTGTACGACAAGCTGAACGTGAAGATCTCAGACT TGGGCCTCTTCCGAGAGGTGTATGCCGCCGATTACTACAAGCTGCTGGGG AACTCGCTGCTGCCTATCCGCTGGATGGCCCCAGAGGCCATCATGTACGG CAAGTTCTCCATCGACTCAGACATCTGGTCCTACGGTGTGGTCCTGTGGG AGGTCTTCAGCTACGGCCTGCAGCCCTACTGCGGGTACTCCAACCAGGAT GTGGTGGAGATGATCCGGAACCGGCAGGTGCTGCCTTGCCCCGATGACTG TCCCGCCTGGGTGTATGCCCTCATGATCGAGTGCTGGAACGAGTTCCCCA GCCGGCGGCCCCGCTTCAAGGACATCCACAGCCGGCTCCGAGCCTGGGGC AACCTTTCCAACTACAACAGCTCGGCGCAGACCTCGGGGGCCAGCAACAC CACGCAGACCAGCTCCCTGAGCACCAGCCCAGTGAGCAATGTGAGCAACG CCCGCTACGTGGGGCCCAAGCAGAAGGCCCCGCCCTTCCCACAGCCCCAG TTCATCCCCATGAAGGGCCAGATCAGACCCATGGTGCCCCCGCCGCAGCT CTACGTCCCCGTCAACGGCTACCAGCCGGTGCCGGCCTATGGGGCCTACC TGCCCAACTTCTACCCGGTGCAGATCCCAATGCAGATGGCCCCGCAGCAG GTGCCTCCTCAGATGGTCCCCAAGCCCAGCTCACACCACAGTGGCAGTGG CTCCACCAGCACAGGCTACGTCACCACGGCCCCCTCCAACACATCCATGG CAGACAGGGCAGCCCTGCTCTCAGAGGGCGCTGATGACACACAGAACGCC CCAGAAGATGGGGCCCAGAGCACCGTGCAGGAAGCAGAGGAGGAGGAGGA AGGCTCTGTCCCAGAGACTGAGCTGCTGGGGGACTGTGACACTCTGCAGG TGGACGAGGCCCAAGTCCAGCTGGAAGCTTGA

The polypeptide sequence of one embodiment of human ROR2 is provided herein as SEQ ID No. 225, as follows:

[SEQ ID No. 225] MARGSALPRRPLLCIPAVWAAAALLLSVSRTSGEVEVLDPNDPLGPLDGQ DGPIPTLKGYFLNFLEPVNNITIVQGQTAILHCKVAGNPPPNVRWLKNDA PVVQEPRRIIIRKTEYGSRLRIQDLDTTDTGYYQCVATNGMKTITATGVL FVRLGPTHSPNHNFQDDYHEDGFCQPYRGIACARFIGNRTIYVDSLQMQG EIENRITAAFTMIGTSTHLSDQCSQFAIPSFCHFVFPLCDARSRTPKPRE LCRDECEVLESDLCRQEYTIARSNPLILMRLQLPKCEALPMPESPDAANC MRIGIPAERLGRYHQCYNGSGMDYRGTASTTKSGHQCQPWALQHPHSHHL SSTDFPELGGGHAYCRNPGGQMEGPWCFTQNKNVRMELCDVPSCSPRDSS KMGILYILVPSIAIPLVIACLFFLVCMCRNKQKASASTPQRRQLMASPSQ DMEMPLINQHKQAKLKEISLSAVRFMEELGEDRFGKVYKGHLFGPAPGEQ TQAVAIKTLKDKAEGPLREEFRHEAMLRARLQHPNVVCLLGVVTKDQPLS MIFSYCSHGDLHEFLVMRSPHSDVGSTDDDRTVKSALEPPDFVHLVAQIA AGMEYLSSHHVVHKDLATRNVLVYDKLNVKISDLGLFREVYAADYYKLLG NSLLPIRWMAPEAIMYGKFSIDSDIWSYGVVLWEVFSYGLQPYCGYSNQD VVEMIRNRQVLPCPDDCPAWVYALMIECWNEFPSRRPRFKDIHSRLRAWG NLSNYNSSAQTSGASNTTQTSSLSTSPVSNVSNARYVGPKQKAPPFPQPQ FIPMKGQIRPMVPPPQLYVPVNGYQPVPAYGAYLPNFYPVQIPMQMAPQQ VPPQMVPKPSSHHSGSGSTSTGYVTTAPSNTSMADRAALLSEGADDTQNA PEDGAQSTVQEAEEEEEGSVPETELLGDCDTLQVDEAQVQLEA

As described in the Examples, the inventors have created numerous embodiments of the antibody or functional fragment according to the first aspect of the invention. Indeed, as described in Example 1, the inventors have isolated a total of 199 antibodies, which are immunospecific for ROR2, 13 of which are most preferred, and which are described herein. These 13 preferred antibodies: (i) bind specifically to ROR2; (ii) have high ROR2-binding affinity; and (iii) form a pool that can be converted into full IgG molecules. All of the antibodies described herein can be developed for therapeutic and diagnostic uses.

Preferably, the antibody or functional fragment thereof corresponds to a clone selected from clone #016, #023, #024, #027, #084, #090, #093, #096, #121, #159, #173, #240 and #241. Sequence information about these 13 antibodies is provided in Example 2.

The inventors have determined that the amino acid sequence KTITATGVLFVRLGP, which is described herein as SEQ ID No. 228 (i.e. amino acids 109-123 of SEQ ID No.225) is an epitope for the antibody or functional fragment thereof according to the invention. This epitope can therefore be used to isolate or generate further antibodies according to the invention, as can other sub-fragments of the extracellular domain of ROR2. Other epitopes include TGYYQCVATNGMKTI, which is described herein as SEQ ID No. 226 (i.e. amino acids 97 to 111 of SEQ ID No. 233); RGIACARFIGNRTIY, which is described herein as SEQ ID No. 227 (i.e. amino acids 145 to 159 of SEQ ID No. 233); CQPYRGIACARFIGNRTIY, which is described herein as SEQ ID No. 229 (i.e. amino acids 141 to 159 of SEQ ID No. 233); QCSQFAIPSFCHFVFPLCD, which is described herein as SEQ ID No. 230 (i.e. amino acids 189 to 207 of SEQ ID No. 233); ELCRDECEVLESDLC, which is described herein as SEQ ID No. 231 (i.e. amino acids 217 to 231 of SEQ ID No. 233); and ANCMRIGIPAERLGR, which is described herein as SEQ ID No. 232 (i.e. amino acids 265 to 279 of SEQ ID No. 233). It will be appreciated that knowledge of these various epitopes can be used to generate novel ROR2-specific antibodies. These epitopes can also be located in the full length polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID No. 225.

Thus, in a second aspect, there is provided use of an epitope for generating an anti-Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-Like Orphan Receptor 2 (ROR2) antibody, or a functional fragment thereof, wherein the epitope comprises or consists of sequence selected from a group of epitopes consisting of TGYYQCVATNGMKTI (SEQ ID No.226); RGIACARFIGNRTIY (SEQ ID No. 227); KTITATGVLFVRLGP (SEQ ID No. 228); CQPYRGIACARFIGNRTIY (SEQ ID No. 229); QCSQFAIPSFCHFVFPLCD (SEQ ID No.230); ELCRDECEVLESDLC (SEQ ID No. 231); and ANCMRIGIPAERLGR (SEQ ID No. 232); and the rest of the sequence of the extracellular domain of ROR2 (i.e. SEQ ID No. 233); or a functional fragment or variant of any of these epitopes.

In one embodiment, the amino acid sequence of the extracellular domain of ROR2 is described herein as SEQ ID No. 233, as follows:

[SEQ ID No. 233] EVEVLDPNDPLGPLDGQDGPIPTLKGYFLNFLEPVNNITIVQGQTAILHC KVAGNPPPNVRWLKNDAPVVQEPRRIIIRKTEYGSRLRIQDLDTTDTGYY QCVATNGMKTITATGVLFVRLGPTHSPNHNFQDDYHEDGFCQPYRGIACA RFIGNRTIYVDSLQMQGEIENRITAAFTMIGTSTHLSDQCSQFAIPSFCH FVFPLCDARSRTPKPRELCRDECEVLESDLCRQEYTIARSNPLILMRLQL PKCEALPMPESPDAANCMRIGIPAERLGRYHQCYNGSGMDYRGTASTTKS GHQCQPWALQHPHSHHLSSTDFPELGGGHAYCRNPGGQMEGPWCFTQNKN VRMELCDVPSCSPRDSSKMG

The inventors have also determined the Complementarity Determining Regions (CDRs) of both the heavy and light chains of the ROR2-specific antibodies of the invention, and have found highly conserved motifs (see Tables 5 and 6—LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3 being the three CDRs of the light chain, and HCDR1, HCDR2 and HCDR3 being the three CDRs of the heavy chain). Clearly, these conserved residues are important for defining the antibodies' binding specificity and affinity for the ROR2 protein, preferably the extracellular domain (ECD) thereof, and hence provide useful information for antibody engineering in order to modify and improve the binding profile of the antibody. The inventors have also determined the amino acid and DNA sequences of each of the variable region of each of the preferred 13 antibodies, which are described in Example 2.

CDRs Defined by Amino Acid Sequence

Thus, in one embodiment, the antibody or functional fragment thereof may comprise at least one antigen binding region comprising an amino acid sequence selected from a group consisting of:—(i) SEQ ID No. 1; (ii) SEQ ID No. 3; (iii) SEQ ID No. 5; (iv) SEQ ID No. 7; (v) SEQ ID No. 9; and (vi) SEQ ID No. 11. These six separate sequences correspond to the amino acid sequences of each of the CDRs of antibody clone #16.

In one embodiment, the antibody or functional fragment thereof may comprise at least one antigen binding region comprising an amino acid sequence selected from a group consisting of:—(i) SEQ ID No. 13; (ii) SEQ ID No. 15; (iii) SEQ ID No. 17; (iv) SEQ ID No. 19; (v) SEQ ID No. 21; and (vi) SEQ ID No. 23. These six separate sequences correspond to the amino acid sequences of each of the CDRs of antibody clone #23.

In one embodiment, the antibody or functional fragment thereof may comprise at least one antigen binding region comprising an amino acid sequence selected from a group consisting of:—(i) SEQ ID No. 25; (ii) SEQ ID No. 27; (iii) SEQ ID No. 29; (iv) SEQ ID No. 31; (v) SEQ ID No. 33; and (vi) SEQ ID No. 35. These six separate sequences correspond to the amino acid sequences of each of the CDRs of antibody clone #24.

In one embodiment, the antibody or functional fragment thereof may comprise at least one antigen binding region comprising an amino acid sequence selected from a group consisting of:—(i) SEQ ID No. 37; (ii) SEQ ID No. 39; (iii) SEQ ID No. 41; (iv) SEQ ID No. 43; (v) SEQ ID No. 45; and (vi) SEQ ID No. 47. These six separate sequences correspond to the amino acid sequences of each of the CDRs of antibody clone #27.

In one embodiment, the antibody or functional fragment thereof may comprise at least one antigen binding region comprising an amino acid sequence selected from a group consisting of:—(i) SEQ ID No. 49; (ii) SEQ ID No. 51; (iii) SEQ ID No. 53; (iv) SEQ ID No. 55; (v) SEQ ID No. 57, and (vi) SEQ ID No. 59. These six separate sequences correspond to the amino acid sequences of each of the CDRs of antibody clone #84.

In one embodiment, the antibody or functional fragment thereof may comprise at least one antigen binding region comprising an amino acid sequence selected from a group consisting of:—(i) SEQ ID No. 61; (ii) SEQ ID No. 63; (iii) SEQ ID No. 65; (iv) SEQ ID No. 67; (v) SEQ ID No. 69; and (vi) SEQ ID No. 71. These six separate sequences correspond to the amino acid sequences of each of the CDRs of antibody clone #90.

In one embodiment, the antibody or functional fragment thereof may comprise at least one antigen binding region comprising an amino acid sequence selected from a group consisting of:—(i) SEQ ID No. 73; (ii) SEQ ID No. 75; (iii) SEQ ID No. 77; (iv) SEQ ID No. 79; (v) SEQ ID No. 81; and (vi) SEQ ID No. 83. These six separate sequences correspond to the amino acid sequences of each of the CDRs of antibody clone #93.

In one embodiment, the antibody or functional fragment thereof may comprise at least one antigen binding region comprising an amino acid sequence selected from a group consisting of:—(i) SEQ ID No. 85; (ii) SEQ ID No. 87; (iii) SEQ ID No. 89; (iv) SEQ ID No. 91; (v) SEQ ID No. 93; and (vi) SEQ ID No. 95. These six separate sequences correspond to the amino acid sequences of each of the CDRs of antibody clone #96.

In one embodiment, the antibody or functional fragment thereof may comprise at least one antigen binding region comprising an amino acid sequence selected from a group consisting of:—(i) SEQ ID No. 97; (ii) SEQ ID No. 99; (iii) SEQ ID No. 101; (iv) SEQ ID No. 103; (v) SEQ ID No. 105; and (vi) SEQ ID No. 107. These six separate sequences correspond to the amino acid sequences of each of the CDRs of antibody clone #121.

In one embodiment, the antibody or functional fragment thereof may comprise at least one antigen binding region comprising an amino acid sequence selected from a group consisting of:—(i) SEQ ID No. 109; (ii) SEQ ID No. 111; (iii) SEQ ID No. 113; (iv) SEQ ID No. 115; (v) SEQ ID No. 117; and (vi) SEQ ID No. 119. These six separate sequences correspond to the amino acid sequences of each of the CDRs of antibody clone #159.

In one embodiment, the antibody or functional fragment thereof may comprise at least one antigen binding region comprising an amino acid sequence selected from a group consisting of:—(i) SEQ ID No. 121; (ii) SEQ ID No. 123; (iii) SEQ ID No. 125; (iv) SEQ ID No. 127; (v) SEQ ID No. 129; and (vi) SEQ ID No. 131. These six separate sequences correspond to the amino acid sequences of each of the CDRs of antibody clone #173.

In one embodiment, the antibody or functional fragment thereof may comprise at least one antigen binding region comprising an amino acid sequence selected from a group consisting of:—(i) SEQ ID No. 133; (ii) SEQ ID No. 135; (iii) SEQ ID No. 137; (iv) SEQ ID No. 139; (v) SEQ ID No. 141; and (vi) SEQ ID No. 143. These six separate sequences correspond to the amino acid sequences of each of the CDRs of antibody clone #240.

In one embodiment, the antibody or functional fragment thereof may comprise at least one antigen binding region comprising an amino acid sequence selected from a group consisting of:—(i) SEQ ID No. 145; (ii) SEQ ID No. 147; (iii) SEQ ID No. 149; (iv) SEQ ID No. 151; (v) SEQ ID No. 153; and (vi) SEQ ID No. 155. These six separate sequences correspond to the amino acid sequences of each of the CDRs of antibody clone #241.

CDRs Defined by DNA Sequence

In one embodiment, the antibody or functional fragment thereof may comprise at least one antigen binding region encoded by a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from a group consisting of:—(i) SEQ ID No. 2; (ii) SEQ ID No. 4; (iii) SEQ ID No. 6; (iv) SEQ ID No. 8; (v) SEQ ID No. 10; and (vi) SEQ ID No. 12. These six separate sequences correspond to the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the CDRs of antibody clone #16.

In one embodiment, the antibody or functional fragment thereof may comprise at least one antigen binding region encoded by a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from a group consisting of:—(i) SEQ ID No. 14; (ii) SEQ ID No. 16; (iii) SEQ ID No. 18; (iv) SEQ ID No. 20; (v) SEQ ID No. 22; and (vi) SEQ ID No. 24. These six separate sequences correspond to the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the CDRs of antibody clone #23.

In one embodiment, the antibody or functional fragment thereof may comprise at least one antigen binding region encoded by a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from a group consisting of:—(i) SEQ ID No. 26; (ii) SEQ ID No. 28; (iii) SEQ ID No. 30; (iv) SEQ ID No. 32; (v) SEQ ID No. 34; and (vi) SEQ ID No. 36. These six separate sequences correspond to the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the CDRs of antibody clone #24.

In one embodiment, the antibody or functional fragment thereof may comprise at least one antigen binding region encoded by a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from a group consisting of:—(i) SEQ ID No. 38; (ii) SEQ ID No. 40; (iii) SEQ ID No. 42; (iv) SEQ ID No. 44; (v) SEQ ID No. 46; and (vi) SEQ ID No. 48. These six separate sequences correspond to the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the CDRs of antibody clone #27.

In one embodiment, the antibody or functional fragment thereof may comprise at least one antigen binding region encoded by a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from a group consisting of:—(i) SEQ ID No. 50; (ii) SEQ ID No. 52; (iii) SEQ ID No. 54; (iv) SEQ ID No. 56; (v) SEQ ID No. 58; and (vi) SEQ ID No. 60. These six separate sequences correspond to the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the CDRs of antibody clone #84.

In one embodiment, the antibody or functional fragment thereof may comprise at least one antigen binding region encoded by a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from a group consisting of:—(i) SEQ ID No. 62; (ii) SEQ ID No. 64; (iii) SEQ ID No. 66; (iv) SEQ ID No. 68; (v) SEQ ID No. 70; and (vi) SEQ ID No. 72. These six separate sequences correspond to the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the CDRs of antibody clone #90.

In one embodiment, the antibody or functional fragment thereof may comprise at least one antigen binding region encoded by a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from a group consisting of:—(i) SEQ ID No. 74; (ii) SEQ ID No. 76; (iii) SEQ ID No. 78; (iv) SEQ ID No. 80; (v) SEQ ID No. 82; and (vi) SEQ ID No. 84. These six separate sequences correspond to the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the CDRs of antibody clone #93.

In one embodiment, the antibody or functional fragment thereof may comprise at least one antigen binding region encoded by a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from a group consisting of:—(i) SEQ ID No. 86; (ii) SEQ ID No. 88; (iii) SEQ ID No. 90; (iv) SEQ ID No. 92; (v) SEQ ID No. 94; and (vi) SEQ ID No. 96. These six separate sequences correspond to the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the CDRs of antibody clone #96.

In one embodiment, the antibody or functional fragment thereof may comprise at least one antigen binding region encoded by a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from a group consisting of:—(i) SEQ ID No. 98; (ii) SEQ ID No. 100; (iii) SEQ ID No. 102; (iv) SEQ ID No. 104; (v) SEQ ID No. 106; and (vi) SEQ ID No. 108. These six separate sequences correspond to the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the CDRs of antibody clone #121.

In one embodiment, the antibody or functional fragment thereof may comprise at least one antigen binding region encoded by a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from a group consisting of:—(i) SEQ ID No. 110; (ii) SEQ ID No. 112; (iii) SEQ ID No. 114; (iv) SEQ ID No. 116; (v) SEQ ID No. 118; and (vi) SEQ ID No. 120. These six separate sequences correspond to the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the CDRs of antibody clone #159.

In one embodiment, the antibody or functional fragment thereof may comprise at least one antigen binding region encoded by a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from a group consisting of:—(i) SEQ ID No. 122; (ii) SEQ ID No. 124; (iii) SEQ ID No. 126; (iv) SEQ ID No. 128; (v) SEQ ID No. 130; and (vi) SEQ ID No. 132. These six separate sequences correspond to the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the CDRs of antibody clone #173.

In one embodiment, the antibody or functional fragment thereof may comprise at least one antigen binding region encoded by a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from a group consisting of:—(i) SEQ ID No. 134; (ii) SEQ ID No. 136; (iii) SEQ ID No. 138; (iv) SEQ ID No. 140; (v) SEQ ID No. 142; and (vi) SEQ ID No. 144. These six separate sequences correspond to the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the CDRs of antibody clone #240.

In one embodiment, the antibody or functional fragment thereof may comprise at least one antigen binding region encoded by a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from a group consisting of:—(i) SEQ ID No. 146; (ii) SEQ ID No. 148; (iii) SEQ ID No. 150; (iv) SEQ ID No. 152; (v) SEQ ID No. 154; and (vi) SEQ ID No. 156. These six separate sequences correspond to the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the CDRs of antibody clone #241.

It will be appreciated that the antigen binding region comprises a Complementarity Determining Region (CDR) of the antibody, or functional fragment thereof, and that mutations may reside in framework regions between the CDRs of the antibody or functional fragment thereof. The recombinant immunoglobulin may comprise any, or all, of the antigen binding regions described herein for each embodiment be that defined by its amino acid sequence or its encoding nucleic acid sequence. The recombinant immunoglobulin may comprise an antigen binding site with which the antigen binds, preferably eliciting an immunological response. Preferably, the at least one antigen binding region forms at least part of the antigen binding site. The antibody or functional fragment thereof may comprise at least two, suitably at least three, and more suitably at least four antigen binding regions defined in the first aspect. Preferably, the antibody or functional fragment comprises at least five, and more preferably all six antigen binding regions. The antibody or fragment thereof may therefore comprise at least one, two, three, four, five or six amino acid sequences defined in (i) to (vi) in any embodiment of antibody described herein. Preferably, however, the antibody or fragment thereof comprises all of (i) to (vi) in any embodiment described herein.

In one embodiment of the antibody or a functional fragment thereof, the polypeptide sequence of the variable region of the light chain may comprise an amino acid sequence substantially as set out in SEQ ID Nos: 158, 162, 166, 170, 174, 178, 182, 186, 190, 194, 198, 202 or 206, or a functional variant or fragment thereof.

In one embodiment of the antibody or a functional fragment thereof, the polypeptide sequence of the variable region of the heavy chain may comprise an amino acid sequence substantially as set out in SEQ ID Nos: 160, 164, 168, 172, 176, 180, 184, 188, 192, 196, 200, 204 or 208, or a functional variant or fragment thereof.

The antibody or functional fragment thereof may comprise a light chain variable region (VL) and/or a heavy chain variable region (VH), the light chain variable region comprising an amino acid sequence which is substantially as set out in SEQ ID Nos: 158, 162, 166, 170, 174, 178, 182, 186, 190, 194, 198, 202 or 206, or a functional fragment or variant thereof, and the heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence which is substantially as set out in SEQ ID Nos: 160, 164, 168, 172, 176, 180, 184, 188, 192, 196, 200, 204 or 208, or a functional fragment or variant thereof.

In one embodiment of the antibody or a functional fragment thereof, the DNA sequence of the variable region of the light chain may comprise a nucleotide sequence substantially as set out in SEQ ID No: 157, 161, 165, 169, 173, 177, 181, 185, 189, 193, 197, 201 or 205, or a functional variant or fragment thereof.

In one embodiment of the antibody or a functional fragment thereof, the DNA sequence of the variable region of the heavy chain may comprise a nucleotide sequence substantially as set out in SEQ ID No: 159, 163, 167, 171, 175, 179, 183, 187, 191, 195, 199, 203 or 207, or a functional variant or fragment thereof.

The antibody or functional fragment thereof may comprise a light chain variable region (VL) and/or a heavy chain variable region (VH), the light chain variable region being encoded by a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence which is substantially as set out in SEQ ID. Nos. 157, 161, 165, 169, 173, 177, 181, 185, 189, 193, 197, 201 or 205, or a functional fragment or variant thereof, the heavy chain variable region being encoded by a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence which is substantially as set out in SEQ ID No: 159, 163, 167, 171, 175, 179, 183, 187, 191, 195, 199, 203 or 207, or a functional fragment or variant thereof.

The polypeptide sequence of the constant region of the light chain of one embodiment of the antibody of the invention may comprise or consist of an amino acid sequence which is substantially as set out in either SEQ ID No. 209 or SEQ ID No. 211, or a functional fragment or variant thereof. The polypeptide sequence of the constant region of the heavy chain of one embodiment of the antibody of the invention may comprise or consist of an amino acid sequence which is substantially as set out in SEQ ID No. 213, or a functional fragment or variant thereof.

The DNA sequence encoding the constant region of the light chain of one embodiment of the antibody of the invention may comprise or consist of a nucleotide sequence which is substantially as set out in either SEQ ID No. 210 or SEQ ID No. 212, or a functional fragment or variant thereof. The DNA sequence encoding the constant region of the heavy chain of one embodiment of the antibody of the invention may comprise or consist of a nucleotide sequence which is substantially as set out in SEQ ID No. 214, or a functional fragment or variant thereof.

According to a third aspect, there is provided an isolated peptide capable of binding to Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-Like Orphan Receptor 2 (ROR2) protein, the peptide comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence selected from a group consisting of:—

-   -   (i) SEQ ID No:1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and/or 11 (the CDRs of ab clone         #16);     -   (ii) SEQ ID No:13, 15, 17, 19, 21 and/or 23 (the CDRs of ab         clone #23);     -   (iii) SEQ ID No:25, 27, 29, 31, 33 and/or 35 (the CDRs of ab         clone #24);     -   (iv) SEQ ID No:37, 39, 41, 43, 45 and/or 47 (the CDRs of ab         clone #27);     -   (v) SEQ ID No:49, 51, 53, 55, 57 and/or 59 (the CDRs of ab clone         #84);     -   (vi) SEQ ID No:61, 63, 65, 67, 69 and/or 71 (the CDRs of ab         clone #90);     -   (vii) SEQ ID No:73, 75, 77, 79, 81 and/or 83 (the CDRs of ab         clone #93);     -   (viii) SEQ ID No:85, 87, 89, 91, 93 and/or 95 (the CDRs of ab         clone #96);     -   (ix) SEQ ID No:97, 99, 101, 103, 105 and/or 107 (the CDRs of ab         clone #121);     -   (x) SEQ ID No:109, 111, 113, 115, 117 and/or 119 (the CDRs of ab         clone #159);     -   (xi) SEQ ID No:121, 123, 125, 127, 129 and/or 131 (the CDRs of         ab clone #173);     -   (xii) SEQ ID No:133, 135, 137, 139, 141 and/or 143 (the CDRs of         ab clone #240); and/or     -   (xiii) SEQ ID No:145, 147, 149, 151, 153 and/or 155 (the CDRs of         ab done #241).

The peptide of the third aspect is preferably capable of binding to an extracellular domain of ROR2 protein. Thus, the isolated peptide of the third aspect may be an anti-Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-Like Orphan Receptor 2 (ROR2) antibody, or a functional fragment thereof. The antibody may or may not be human. For example, the antibody or fragment thereof may be murine. It may also be recombinant. It will be appreciated that the amino acid sequences defined in each of (i) to (xiii) of the third aspect are the CDRs of the antibody or a functional fragment thereof of the first aspect. The isolated peptide may therefore comprise or consist of at least two, three, four, five or six amino acid sequences defined in any of (i) to (xiii). Preferably, the peptide comprises or consists of all of the amino acid sequences defined in any of (i) to (xiii).

The peptide may comprise or consist of an amino acid sequence substantially as set out in SEQ ID No: 158, 162, 166, 170, 174, 178, 182, 186, 190, 194, 198, 202 or 206, or a functional variant or fragment thereof. The peptide may comprise or consist of an amino acid sequence substantially as set out in SEQ ID No: 160, 164, 168, 172, 176, 180, 184, 188, 192, 196, 200, 204 or 208, or a functional variant or fragment thereof.

The peptide may comprise or consist of an amino acid sequence which is substantially as set out in SEQ ID No: 209, 211 or 213, or a functional fragment or variant thereof.

While the various peptides described herein may be shown with no protecting groups, in certain embodiments they can bear one, two, three, four, or more protecting groups. In various embodiments, the protecting groups can be coupled to the C and/or N-terminus of the peptide(s) and/or to one or more internal residues comprising the peptide(s) (e.g., one or more R-groups on the constituent amino acids can be blocked). Thus, for example, in certain embodiments, any of the peptides described herein can bear, e.g., an acetyl group protecting the amino terminus and/or an amide group protecting the carboxyl terminus. Examples of such protected peptides include acetyl, amide, 3 to 20 carbon alkyl groups, Fmoc, Tboc, 9-fluoreneacetyl group, 1-fluorenecarboxylic group, 9-florenecarboxylic group, 9-fluorenone-1-carboxylic group, benzyloxycarbonyl, Xanthyl (Xan), Trityl (Trt), 4-methyltrityl (Mtt), 4-methoxytrityl (Mmt), 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylbenzenesulphonyl (Mtr), Mesitylene-2-sulphonyl (Mts), 4,4-dimethoxybenzhydryl (Mbh), Tosyl (Tos), 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl chroman-6-sulphonyl (Pmc), 4-methylbenzyl (MeBzl), 4-methoxybenzyl (MeOBzl), Benzyloxy (BzlO), Benzyl (Bzl), Benzoyl (Bz), 3-nitro-2-pyridinesulphenyl (Npys), 1-(4,4-dimentyl-2,6-diaxocyclohexylidene)ethyl (Dde), 2,6-dichlorobenzyl (2,6-DiCl-Bzl), 2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl (2-Cl—Z), 2-bromobenzyloxycarbonyl (2-Br—Z), Benzyloxymethyl (Born), t-butoxycarbonyl (Boc), cyclohexyloxy (cHxO), t-butoxymethyl (Burn), t-butoxy (tBuO), t-Butyl (tBu), Trifluoroacetyl (TFA) or combinations thereof. The protecting group can be can be eliminated and/or substituted with another protecting group as described herein.

Without being bound by a particular theory, it was discovered that addition of a protecting group, particularly to the carboxyl and in certain embodiments the amino terminus can improve the stability and efficacy of the peptide.

A wide number of protecting groups are suitable for this purpose. Such groups include, but are not limited to acetyl, amide, and alkyl groups with acetyl and alkyl groups being particularly preferred for N-terminal protection and amide groups being preferred for carboxyl terminal protection. In certain particularly preferred embodiments, the protecting groups include, but are not limited to alkyl chains as in fatty acids, propionyl, formyl, and others. Particularly preferred carboxyl protecting groups include amides, esters, and ether-forming protecting groups. In one preferred embodiment, an acetyl group is used to protect the amino terminus and an amide group is used to protect the carboxyl terminus. These blocking groups enhance the helix-forming tendencies of the peptides. Certain particularly preferred blocking groups include alkyl groups of various lengths, e.g., groups having the formula: CH3-(CH2)n-CO— where n ranges from about 1 to about 20, preferably from about 1 to about 16 or 18, more preferably from about 3 to about 13, and most preferably from about 3 to about 10.

In certain embodiments, the protecting groups include, but are not limited to alkyl chains as in fatty acids, propionyl, formyl, and others. Particularly preferred carboxyl protecting groups include amides, esters, and ether-forming protecting groups. In one embodiment, an acetyl group is used to protect the amino terminus and/or an amino group is used to protect the carboxyl terminus (i.e., amidated carboxyl terminus). In certain embodiments blocking groups include alkyl groups of various lengths, e.g., groups having the formula: CH3-(CH2)n-CO— where n ranges from about 3 to about 20, preferably from about 3 to about 16, more preferably from about 3 to about 13, and most preferably from about 3 to about 10.

In certain embodiments, the acid group on the C-terminal can be blocked with an alcohol, aldehyde or ketone group and/or the N-terminal residue can have the natural amide group, or be blocked with an acyl, carboxylic acid, alcohol, aldehyde, or ketone group.

Other protecting groups include, but are not limited to Fmoc, tbutoxycarbonyl (t-BOC), 9-fluoreneacetyl group, 1-fluorenecarboxylic group, 9-florenecarboxylic group, 9-fluorenone-1-carboxylic group, benzyloxycarbonyl, xanthyl(Xan), trityl (Trt), 4-methyltrityl (Mtt), 4-methoxytrityl (Mrnt), 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylbenzenesulphonyl (Mtr), Mesitylene-2-sulphonyl (Mts), 4,4-dimethoxybenzhydryl(Mbh), Tosyl (Tos), 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl chrornan-6-sulphonyl (Prnc), 4-methylbenzyl(M), 4-ethylbenzyl (MeBzl), 4-methoxybenzyl (MeOBzl), benzyloxy (BzlO), benzyl (Bzl), benzoyl (Bz), 3-nitro-2-pyridinesulphenyl (Npys), 1-(4,4-dimentyl-2,6-diaxocyclohexylidene)ethyl (Dde), 2,6-dichlorobenzyl (2,6-DiCl-Bzl), 2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl (2-Cl—Z), 2-bromobenzyloxycarbonyl (2-Br—Z), Benzyloxymethyl (Born), cyclohexyloxy (cHxO), tbutoxyrnethyl(Burn), t-butoxy (tBuO), t-Butyl (tBu), Acetyl (Ac), and Trifluoroacetyl(TFA). Protecting/blocking groups are well known to those of skill as are methods of coupling such groups to the appropriate residue(s) comprising the peptides of this invention (see, e.g., Greene et al., (1991) Protective Groups in Organic S_ynthesis, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Somerset, N.J.).

According to a fourth aspect, there is provided an isolated nucleic acid encoding a peptide capable of binding to Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-Like Orphan Receptor 2 (ROR2) protein, the nucleic acid comprising or consisting of a nucleotide sequence selected from a group consisting of:—

-   -   (i) SEQ ID No:2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and/or 12 (the CDRs of ab clone         #16);     -   (ii) SEQ ID No:14, 16, 18, 20, 22 and/or 24 (the CDRs of ab         clone #23);     -   (iii) SEQ ID No:26, 28, 30, 32, 34 and/or 36 (the CDRs of ab         clone #24);     -   (iv) SEQ ID No:38, 40, 42, 44, 46 and/or 48 (the CDRs of ab         clone #27);     -   (v) SEQ ID No:50, 52, 54, 56, 58 and/or 60 (the CDRs of ab clone         #84);     -   (vi) SEQ ID No:62, 64, 66, 68, 70 and/or 72 (the CDRs of ab         clone #90);     -   (vii) SEQ ID No:74, 76, 78, 80, 82 and/or 84 (the CDRs of ab         clone #93);     -   (viii) SEQ ID No:86, 88, 90, 92, 94 and/or 96 (the CDRs of ab         clone #96);     -   (ix) SEQ ID No:98, 100, 102, 104, 106 and/or 108 (the CDRs of ab         clone #121);     -   (x) SEQ ID No:110, 112, 114, 116, 118 and/or 120 (the CDRs of ab         clone #159);     -   (xi) SEQ ID No:122, 124, 126, 128, 130 and/or 132 (the CDRs of         ab clone #173);     -   (xii) SEQ ID No:134, 136, 138, 140, 142 and/or 144 (the CDRs of         ab clone #240); and/or     -   (xiii) SEQ ID No:146, 148, 150, 152, 154 and/or 156 (the CDRs of         ab clone #241).

Preferably, the nucleic acid may encode an anti-Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-Like Orphan Receptor 1 (ROR2) antibody, or a functional fragment thereof. The antibody may or may not be human. For example, the antibody may be murine. It may also be recombinant. It will be appreciated that the nucleotide sequences defined in each of (i) to (xiv) of the fourth aspect encode the CDRs of the antibody or a functional fragment thereof of the first aspect. Thus, the nucleic acid may comprise or consist of at least two, three, four, five or six nucleotide sequences defined in any of (i) to (xiii). Preferably, the nucleic acid comprises or consist of all of the nucleotide sequences defined in any of (i) to (vi). Preferably, the nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide sequence substantially encoding an amino acid sequence of at least one antigen binding region of the human antibody, or functional fragment thereof.

The nucleic acid may comprise or consists of a nucleotide sequence substantially as set out in SEQ ID No: 157, 161, 165, 169, 173, 177, 181, 185, 189, 193, 197, 201 or 205, or a functional variant or fragment thereof. The nucleic acid may comprise or consist of a nucleotide sequence substantially as set out in 159, 163, 167, 171, 175, 179, 183, 187, 191, 195, 199, 203 or 207, or a functional variant or fragment thereof.

The nucleic acid may comprise or consist of a nucleotide sequence which is substantially as set out in SEQ ID No: 210, 212 or 214, or a functional fragment or variant thereof.

The inventors have also discovered that some of the ROR2 antibodies according to the invention also bind to ROR1. Each of these dual binding antibodies is capable of binding to distinct epitopes found on both the ROR1 and the ROR2 protein with surprisingly high affinity. Antibody clones that exhibit dual specificity (i.e. bind to ROR1 and ROR2; see FIG. 5, Table 3) should have utility for tumours that co-express these antigens (e.g. Neuroblastoma and small cell lung cancer), or tumors with mixed clones, i.e. clones that carry ROR1 and clones that carry ROR2. Therefore, in another embodiment of the invention, the antibody, or functional fragment thereof may also be capable of binding to Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-Like Orphan Receptor 1 (ROR1).

The term “ROR1” can refer to family 1 of the receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptors (mRNA: NM_005012.2, protein: NP_005003.2). The DNA sequence encoding one embodiment of human ROR1 is provided herein as SEQ ID No. 222, as follows:

[SEQ ID NO. 222] atgcaccggccgcgccgccgcgggacgcgcccgccgctcctggcgctgct ggccgcgctgctgctggccgcacgcggggctgctgcccaagaaacagagc tgtcagtcagtgctgaattagtgcctacctcatcatggaacatctcaagt gaactcaacaaagattcttacctgaccctcgatgaaccaatgaataacat caccacgtctctgggccagacagcagaactgcactgcaaagtctctggga atccacctcccaccatccgctggttcaaaaatgatgctcctgtggtccag gagccccggaggctctcctttcggtccaccatctatggctctcggctgcg gattagaaacctcgacaccacagacacaggctacttccagtgcgtggcaa caaacggcaaggaggtggtttcttccactggagtcttgtttgtcaagttt ggcccccctcccactgcaagtccaggatactcagatgagtatgaagaaga tggattctgtcagccatacagagggattgcatgtgcaagatttattggca accgcaccgtctatatggagtctttgcacatgcaaggggaaatagaaaat cagatcacagctgccttcactatgattggcacttccagtcacttatctga taagtgttctcagttcgccattccttccctgtgccactatgccttcccgt actgcgatgaaacttcatccgtcccaaagccccgtgacttgtgtcgcgat gaatgtgaaatcctggagaatgtcctgtgtcaaacagagtacatttttgc aagatcaaatcccatgattctgatgaggctgaaactgccaaactgtgaag atctcccccagccagagagcccagaagctgcgaactgtatccggattgga attcccatggcagatcctataaataaaaatcacaagtgttataacagcac aggtgtggactaccgggggaccgtcagtgtgaccaaatcagggcgccagt gccagccatggaattcccagtatccccacacacacactttcaccgccctt cgtttcccagagctgaatggaggccattcctactgccgcaacccagggaa tcaaaaggaagctccctggtgcttcaccttggatgaaaactttaagtctg atctgtgtgacatcccagcgtgcgattcaaaggattccaaggagaagaat aaaatggaaatcctgtacatactagtgccaagtgtggccattcccctggc cattgctttactcttcttcttcatttgcgtctgtcggaataaccagaagt catcgtcggcaccagtccagaggcaaccaaaacacgtcagaggtcaaaat gtagagatgtcaatgctgaatgcatataaacccaagagcaaggctaaaga gctacctctttctgctgtacgctttatggaagaattgggtgagtgtgcct ttggaaaaatctataaaggccatctctatctcccaggcatggaccatgct cagctggttgctatcaagaccttgaaagactataacaacccccagcaatg gacggaatttcaacaagaagcctccctaatggcagaactgcaccacccca atattgtctgccttctaggtgccgtcactcaggaacaacctgtgtgcatg ctttttgagtatattaatcagggggatctccatgagttcctcatcatgag atccccacactctgatgttggctgcagcagtgatgaagatgggactgtga aatccagcctggaccacggagattttctgcacattgcaattcagattgca gctggcatggaatacctgtctagtcacttctttgtccacaaggaccttgc agctcgcaatattttaatcggagagcaacttcatgtaaagatttcagact tggggctttccagagaaatttactccgctgattactacagggtccagagt aagtccttgctgcccattcgctggatgccccctgaagccatcatgtatgg caaattctcttctgattcagatatctggtcctttggggttgtcttgtggg agattttcagttttggactccagccatattatggattcagtaaccaggaa gtgattgagatggtgagaaaacggcagctcttaccatgctctgaagactg cccacccagaatgtacagcctcatgacagagtgctggaatgagattcctt ctaggagaccaagatttaaagatattcacgtccggcttcggtcctgggag ggactctcaagtcacacaagctctactactccttcagggggaaatgccac cacacagacaacctccctcagtgccagcccagtgagtaatctcagtaacc ccagatatcctaattacatgttcccgagccagggtattacaccacagggc cagattgctggtttcattggcccgccaatacctcagaaccagcgattcat tcccatcaatggatacccaatacctcctggatatgcagcgtttccagctg cccactaccagccaacaggtcctcccagagtgattcagcactgcccacct cccaagagtcggtccccaagcagtgccagtgggtcgactagcactggcca tgtgactagcttgccctcatcaggatccaatcaggaagcaaatattcctt tactaccacacatgtcaattccaaatcatcctggtggaatgggtatcacc gtttttggcaacaaatctcaaaaaccctacaaaattgactcaaagcaagc atctttactaggagacgccaatattcatggacacaccgaatctatgattt ctgcagaactgtaa

The polypeptide sequence of one embodiment of human ROR1 is provided herein as SEQ ID No. 223, as follows:

[SEQ ID No. 223] MHRPRRRGTRPPLLALLAALLLAARGAAAQETELSVSAELVPTSSWNISS ELNKDSYLTLDEPMNNITTSLGQTAELHCKVSGNPPPTIRWFKNDAPVVQ EPRRLSFRSTIYGSRLRIRNLDTTDTGYFQCVATNGKEVVSSTGVLFVKF GPPPTASPGYSDEYEEDGFCQPYRGIACARFIGNRTVYMESLHMQGEIEN QITAAFTMIGTSSHLSDKCSQFAIPSLCHYAFPYCDETSSVPKPRDLCRD ECEILENVLCQTEYIFARSNPMILMRLKLPNCEDLPQPESPEAANCIRIG IPMADPINKNHKCYNSTGVDYRGTVSVTKSGRQCQPWNSQYPHTHTFTAL RFPELNGGHSYCRNPGNQKEAPWCFTLDENFKSDLCDIPACDSKDSKEKN KMEILYILVPSVAIPLAIALLFFFICVCRNNQKSSSAPVQRQPKHVRGQN VEMSMLNAYKPKSKAKELPLSAVRFMEELGECAFGKIYKGHLYLPGMDHA QLVAIKTLKDYNNPQQWTEFQQEASLMAELHHPNIVCLLGAVTQEQPVCM LFEYINQGDLHEFLIMRSPHSDVGCSSDEDGTVKSSLDHGDFLHIAIQIA AGMEYLSSHFFVHKDLAARNILIGEQLHVKISDLGLSREIYSADYYRVQS KSLLPIRWMPPEAIMYGKFSSDSDIWSFGVVLWEIFSFGLQPYYGFSNQE VIEMVRKRQLLPCSEDCPPRMYSLMTECWNEIPSRRPRFKDIHVRLRSWE GLSSHTSSTTPSGGNATTQTTSLSASPVSNLSNPRYPNYMFPSQGITPQG QIAGFIGPPIPQNQRFIPINGYPIPPGYAAFPAAHYQPTGPPRVIQHCPP PKSRSPSSASGSTSTGHVTSLPSSGSNQEANIPLLPHMSIPNHPGGMGIT VFGNKSQKPYKIDSKQASLLGDANIHGHTESMISAEL*

As described in Example 1, the inventors have identified 199 antibody clones. 37 of these antibody clones have been identified as being capable of binging to both ROR1 and ROR2. Four of these 37 antibody clones are most preferred, and are described herein as antibody clone #016, #084, #121 and #159. Preferably, therefore the antibody or functional fragment thereof corresponds to a clone selected from clone #016, #084, #121, and #159.

The amino acid sequence of the CDRs for clone #16 are preferably SEQ ID No:1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and/or 11. The nucleotide sequence encoding the clone #16 CDRs are preferably SEQ ID No:2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and/or 12.

The amino acid sequence of the CDRs for clone #84 are preferably SEQ ID No:49, 51, 53, 55, 57 and/or 59. The nucleotide sequence encoding the clone #84 CDRs are preferably SEQ ID No:50, 52, 54, 56, 58 and/or 60.

The amino acid sequence of the CDRs for clone #121 are preferably SEQ ID No:97, 99, 101, 103, 105 and/or 107. The nucleotide sequence encoding the clone #121 CDRs are preferably SEQ ID No:98, 100, 102, 104, 106 and/or 108.

The amino acid sequence of the CDRs for clone #159 are preferably SEQ ID No:109, 111, 113, 115, 117 and/or 119. The nucleotide sequence encoding the clone #159 CDRs are preferably SEQ ID No:110, 112, 114, 116, 118 and/or 120.

These four preferred dual binding ROR1/ROR2 antibodies: (i) bind specifically to ROR1 and ROR2; (ii) have high ROR1- and ROR2-binding affinity; and (iii) form a pool that can be converted into full IgG molecules. All of the antibodies described herein can be developed for therapeutic and diagnostic uses.

Advantageously, the antibody or functional fragment thereof, according to the first aspect of the invention, has utility of a therapeutic agent in its own right, and is a significant improvement on therapies which use antibodies comprising a non-human region (e.g. murine), Fc fragment (i.e. framework regions), or at least one murine antigen binding region or Complimentarity Determining Region (CDR). However, in addition, technologies to maximize drug efficacy have been evaluated, including glycosylation engineering to enhance the ADCC (Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity) and/or CDC (Complement-Dependent Cytotoxicity) activity of the antibody or functional fragment thereof, conjugation to a cytotoxic moiety, such as radiation, a cytotoxic drug or toxin, and generation of a bispecific antibody with one arm targeting a tumour cell, and the other arm attracting cytotoxic T cells.

Thus, in a fifth aspect, there is provided an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) comprising the antibody or a functional fragment thereof of the first aspect, and a cytotoxic moiety.

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) can be used to deliver a potent cytotoxic drug selectively to a target cell via an antibody. Such methods, when applied to a tumour antigen target, can enhance the anti-tumour activity of antibodies and improve the tumour-to-normal tissue selectivity of chemotherapy. One key parameter for ADC development is that the antibody may be capable of being endocytosed upon binding to the target antigen, such as ROR2. Therefore, endocytosed antibody may deliver the conjugated drug into target cancer cells.

In some embodiments, ADCs may comprise antibodies or fragments thereof comprising or consisting of the sequences selected from the group consisting of (i) SEQ ID No:1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and/or 11; (ii) SEQ ID No:13, 15, 17, 19, 21 and/or 23; (iii) SEQ ID No:25, 27, 29, 31, 33 and/or 35; (iv) SEQ ID No:37, 39, 41, 43, 45 and/or 47, (v) SEQ ID No:49, 51, 53, 55, 57 and/or 59; (vi) SEQ ID No:61, 63, 65, 67, 69 and/or 71; (vii) SEQ ID No:73, 75, 77, 79, 81 and/or 83; (viii) SEQ ID No:85, 87, 89, 91, 93 and/or 95; (ix) SEQ ID No:97, 99, 101, 103, 105 and/or 107; (x) SEQ ID No:109, 111, 113, 115, 117 and/or 119; (xi) SEQ ID No:121, 123, 125, 127, 129 and/or 131; (xii) SEQ ID No:133, 135, 137, 139, 141 and/or 143; and/or (xiii) SEQ ID No:145, 147, 149, 151, 153 and/or 155, conjugated to a therapeutic agent (such as a cytotoxic agent).

The cytotoxic moiety may be a toxin, such as monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF) or maytansine. The drug moiety may be an alpha-emitting radionucleotide, such as a 225Ac label. These toxins can be linked to the antibody or functional fragment thereof (i.e. an antigen-binding fragment thereof) via a cleavable linker, such as a disulfide bond, a hydrazone linker or a peptide linker, or via a non-cleavable linkers, such as a thioether bond using a SMCC (N-succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)-cyclohexane-1-carboxylate) linker.

According to a sixth aspect, there is provided an antibody or a functional fragment thereof as defined in the first aspect, a peptide as defined in the third aspect, a nucleic acid as defined in the fourth aspect, or an antibody-drug conjugate as defined in the fifth aspect, each being optionally derivatised, for use in therapy or in diagnosis.

The antibody or functional fragment thereof as defined in the first aspect, the peptide as defined in the third aspect, the nucleic acid as defined in the fourth aspect, or the antibody-drug conjugate as defined in the fifth aspect, may be used as a medicament, which is preferably adapted for use in the treatment, amelioration or prevention of cancer.

Therefore, according to a seventh aspect, there is provided an antibody or a functional fragment thereof as defined in the first aspect, a peptide as defined in the third aspect, a nucleic acid as defined in the fourth aspect, or an antibody-drug conjugate as defined in the fifth aspect, each being optionally derivatised, for use in treating, preventing or ameliorating cancer.

According to an eighth aspect, there is provided a method of treating, preventing or ameliorating cancer in a subject, the method comprising administering, to a patient in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or a functional fragment thereof as defined in the first aspect, a peptide as defined in the third aspect, a nucleic acid as defined in the fourth aspect, or an antibody-drug conjugate as defined in the fifth aspect, each being optionally derivatised.

The term “derivatised” can mean that the antibody or functional fragment thereof, peptide, nucleic acid or conjugate may be modified prior to use, preferably to produce a derivative or variant thereof. Examples of derivatisation may include PEGylated antibodies or PEGylated antibody fragments, or antibody-cytokine fusion proteins. However, in some embodiments, the antibody or functional fragment thereof, peptide, nucleic acid or conjugate may not be derivatised.

ROR2 is expressed in a wide range of human cancer types, and so the antibody or functional fragment thereof, peptide, a nucleic acid or conjugate may be used in the treatment, prevention, amelioration or diagnosis of a ROR2-positive cancer type. Examples of ROR2-positive cancers which may be treated may include chronic OS,¹⁴ renal cell carcinoma, gastric cancer, malignant melanoma, oral squamous cell carcinoma, prostate cancer, osteosarcoma, and neuroblastoma. In a preferred embodiment, however, the antibody or fragment thereof may be used for treating or diagnosing neuroblastoma or osteosarcoma.

It will be appreciated that antibodies, fragments, peptides, nucleic acids and conjugates according to the invention (collectively referred to herein as “agents”) may be used in a monotherapy (e.g. the use of an antibody or fragment thereof alone, or the use of the antibody-drug conjugate alone), for treating, ameliorating or preventing cancer. Alternatively, agents according to the invention may be used as an adjunct to, or in combination with, known therapies for treating, ameliorating, or preventing cancer, preferably neuroblastoma or osteosarcoma.

The agents according to the invention may be combined in compositions having a number of different forms depending, in particular, on the manner in which the composition is to be used. Thus, for example, the composition may be in the form of a powder, tablet, capsule, liquid, ointment, cream, gel, hydrogel, aerosol, spray, micellar solution, transdermal patch, liposome suspension or any other suitable form that may be administered to a person or animal in need of treatment. It will be appreciated that the vehicle of medicaments according to the invention should be one which is well-tolerated by the subject to whom it is given, and preferably enables delivery of the agents across the blood-brain barrier.

Medicaments comprising agents of the invention may be used in a number of ways. For instance, oral administration may be required, in which case the agents may be contained within a composition that may, for example, be ingested orally in the form of a tablet, capsule or liquid. Compositions comprising agents and medicaments of the invention may be administered by inhalation (e.g. intranasally). Compositions may also be formulated for topical use. For instance, creams or ointments may be applied to the skin.

Agents and medicaments according to the invention may also be incorporated within a slow- or delayed-release device. Such devices may, for example, be inserted on or under the skin, and the medicament may be released over weeks or even months. The device may be located at least adjacent the treatment site. Such devices may be particularly advantageous when long-term treatment with agents used according to the invention is required and which would normally require frequent administration (e.g. at least daily injection).

In a preferred embodiment, agents and medicaments according to the invention may be administered to a subject by injection into the blood stream or directly into a site requiring treatment. Injections may be intravenous (bolus or infusion) or subcutaneous (bolus or infusion), or intradermal (bolus or infusion).

It will be appreciated that the amount of the antibodies, fragments, peptides and nucleic acids (i.e. agent) that is required is determined by its biological activity and bioavailability, which in turn depends on the mode of administration, the physiochemical properties of the agent, and whether it is being used as a monotherapy or in a combined therapy. The frequency of administration will also be influenced by the half-life of the agent within the subject being treated. Optimal dosages to be administered may be determined by those skilled in the art, and will vary with the particular agent in use, the strength of the pharmaceutical composition, the mode of administration, and the advancement of the bacterial infection. Additional factors depending on the particular subject being treated will result in a need to adjust dosages, including subject age, weight, gender, diet, and time of administration.

Generally, a daily dose of between 0.001 μg/kg of body weight and 10 mg/kg of body weight of agent according to the invention may be used for treating, ameliorating, or preventing cancer, depending upon which agent. More preferably, the daily dose of agent is between 0.01 μg/kg of body weight and 1 mg/kg of body weight, more preferably between 0.1 μg/kg and 100 μg/kg body weight, and most preferably between approximately 0.1 μg/kg and 10 μg/kg body weight.

The agent may be administered before, during or after onset of cancer. Daily doses may be given as a single administration (e.g. a single daily injection). Alternatively, the agent may require administration twice or more times during a day. As an example, agents may be administered as two (or more depending upon the severity of the cancer infection being treated) daily doses of between 0.07 μg and 700 mg (i.e. assuming a body weight of 70 kg). A patient receiving treatment may take a first dose upon waking and then a second dose in the evening (if on a two dose regime) or at 3- or 4-hourly intervals thereafter. Alternatively, a slow release device may be used to provide optimal doses of agents according to the invention to a patient without the need to administer repeated doses. Known procedures, such as those conventionally employed by the pharmaceutical industry (e.g. in vivo experimentation, clinical trials, etc.), may be used to form specific formulations of the agents according to the invention and precise therapeutic regimes (such as daily doses of the agents and the frequency of administration).

In a ninth aspect of the invention, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibody or a functional fragment thereof as defined in the first aspect, a peptide as defined in the third aspect, a nucleic acid as defined in the fourth aspect, or an antibody-drug conjugate as defined in the fifth aspect, each being optionally derivatised; and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.

The composition may be an anti-cancer composition. The term “anti-cancer composition” can mean a pharmaceutical formulation used in the therapeutic amelioration, prevention or treatment of cancer in a subject.

The antibody or a functional fragment thereof, peptide or a nucleic acid may not be derivatised.

The invention also provides in a tenth aspect, a process for making the pharmaceutical composition according to the ninth aspect, the process comprising combining a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or a functional fragment thereof as defined in the first aspect, a peptide as defined in the third aspect, a nucleic acid as defined in the fourth aspect, or an antibody-drug conjugate as defined in the fifth aspect, each being optionally derivatised, with a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.

The antibody or fragment thereof may be as defined with respect to the first aspect.

A “subject” may be a vertebrate, mammal, or domestic animal. Hence, medicaments according to the invention may be used to treat any mammal, for example livestock (e.g. a horse), pets, or may be used in other veterinary applications. Most preferably, the subject is a human being.

Preferably, the subject is a child or adolescent, i.e. less than 15 or to years old.

A “therapeutically effective amount” of the antibody or fragment thereof is any amount which, when administered to a subject, is the amount of agent that is needed to treat the cancer, or produce the desired effect.

For example, the therapeutically effective amount of antibody or fragment thereof used may be from about 0.001 ng to about 1 mg, and preferably from about 0.01 ng to about 100 ng. It is preferred that the amount of antibody or fragment is an amount from about 0.1 ng to about to ng, and most preferably from about 0.5 ng to about 5 ng.

A “pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle” as referred to herein, is any known compound or combination of known compounds that are known to those skilled in the art to be useful in formulating pharmaceutical compositions.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle may be a solid, and the composition may be in the form of a powder or tablet. A solid pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle may include one or more substances which may also act as flavouring agents, lubricants, solubilisers, suspending agents, dyes, fillers, glidants, compression aids, inert binders, sweeteners, preservatives, dyes, coatings, or tablet-disintegrating agents. The vehicle may also be an encapsulating material. In powders, the vehicle is a finely divided solid that is in admixture with the finely divided active agents according to the invention. In tablets, the active agent may be mixed with a vehicle having the necessary compression properties in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired. The powders and tablets preferably contain up to 99% of the active agents. Suitable solid vehicles include, for example calcium phosphate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugars, lactose, dextrin, starch, gelatin, cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidine, low melting waxes and ion exchange resins. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical vehicle may be a gel and the composition may be in the form of a cream or the like.

However, the pharmaceutical vehicle may be a liquid, and the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of a solution. Liquid vehicles are used in preparing solutions, suspensions, emulsions, syrups, elixirs and pressurized compositions. The active agent according to the invention may be dissolved or suspended in a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid vehicle such as water, an organic solvent, a mixture of both or pharmaceutically acceptable oils or fats. The liquid vehicle can contain other suitable pharmaceutical additives such as solubilisers, emulsifiers, buffers, preservatives, sweeteners, flavouring agents, suspending agents, thickening agents, colours, viscosity regulators, stabilizers or osmo-regulators. Suitable examples of liquid vehicles for oral and parenteral administration include water (partially containing additives as above, e.g. cellulose derivatives, preferably sodium carboxymethyl cellulose solution), alcohols (including monohydric alcohols and polyhydric alcohols, e.g. glycols) and their derivatives, and oils (e.g. fractionated coconut oil and arachis oil). For parenteral administration, the vehicle can also be an oily ester such as ethyl oleate and isopropyl myristate. Sterile liquid vehicles are useful in sterile liquid form compositions for parenteral administration. The liquid vehicle for pressurized compositions can be a halogenated hydrocarbon or other pharmaceutically acceptable propellant.

Liquid pharmaceutical compositions, which are sterile solutions or suspensions, can be utilized by, for example, intramuscular, intrathecal, epidural, intraperitoneal, intravenous and particularly subcutaneous injection. The agent may be prepared as a sterile solid composition that may be dissolved or suspended at the time of administration using sterile water, saline, or other appropriate sterile injectable medium.

The agents and compositions of the invention may be administered orally in the form of a sterile solution or suspension containing other solutes or suspending agents (for example, enough saline or glucose to make the solution isotonic), bile salts, acacia, gelatin, sorbitan monoleate, polysorbate 80 (oleate esters of sorbitol and its anhydrides copolymerized with ethylene oxide) and the like. The agents used according to the invention can also be administered orally either in liquid or solid composition form. Compositions suitable for oral administration include solid forms, such as pills, capsules, granules, tablets, and powders, and liquid forms, such as solutions, syrups, elixirs, and suspensions. Forms useful for parenteral administration include sterile solutions, emulsions, and suspensions.

The invention also provides a kit for diagnosing patients suffering from cancer.

Hence, according to an eleventh aspect of the invention, there is provided a kit for diagnosing a subject suffering from cancer, or a pre-disposition thereto, or for providing a prognosis of the subject's condition, the kit comprising detection means for detecting the concentration of antigen present in a sample from a test subject, wherein the detection means comprising an antibody or functional fragment thereof as defined by the first aspect, a peptide as defined by the third aspect, or a nucleic acid as defined by the fourth aspect, each being optionally derivatised, wherein presence of antigen in the sample suggests that the subject suffers from cancer.

According to a twelfth aspect, there is provided a method for diagnosing a subject suffering from cancer, or a pre-disposition thereto, or for providing a prognosis of the subject's condition, the method comprising detecting the concentration of antigen present in a sample obtained from a subject, wherein the detection is achieved using an antibody or functional fragment thereof as defined by the first aspect, a peptide as defined by the third aspect, or a nucleic acid as defined by the fourth aspect, each being optionally derivatised, and wherein presence of antigen in the sample suggests that the subject suffers from cancer.

Preferably, the antigen comprises or consists of ROR2 protein, or an epitope common to ROR1 and ROR2, more preferably an extracellular domain thereof. The sample may comprise blood, urine, tissue etc.

Preferably, the kit or method is used to identify the presence or absence of ROR1- and/or ROR2-positive cells in the sample, or determine the concentration thereof in the sample. The term “ROR2-positive cells” can mean a cell expressing ROR2 on its surface. Similarly, the term “ROR1-positive cells” can mean a cell expressing ROR1 on its surface. The detection means may comprise an assay adapted to detect the presence and/or absence of ROR1- and/or ROR2-positive cells in the sample. The kit or method may comprise the use of a positive control and/or a negative control against which the assay may be compared. For example, the kit may comprise a reference for the concentration of ROR1- and/or ROR2-positive cells in a sample from an individual who does (i.e. positive control) or does not (i.e. a negative control) suffer from cancer.

The kit may further comprise a label which may be detected. The term “label” can mean a moiety that can be attached to the antibody, fragment, peptide or nucleic acid. Moieties can be used, for example, for therapeutic or diagnostic procedures. Therapeutic labels include, for example, moieties that can be attached to an antibody or fragment thereof of the invention and used to monitor the binding of the antibody to a ROR1 and/or a ROR2 protein.

Diagnostic labels include, for example, moieties which can be detected by analytical methods. Analytical methods include, for example, qualitative and quantitative procedures. Qualitative analytical methods include, for example, immunohistochemistry and indirect immunofluorescence. Quantitative analytical methods include, for example, immunoaffinity procedures such as radioimmunoassay, ELISA or FACS analysis. Analytical methods also include both in vitro and in vivo imaging procedures. Specific examples of diagnostic labels that can be detected by analytical means include enzymes, radioisotopes, fluorochromes, chemiluminescent markers, and biotin.

A label can be attached directly to an antibody of the invention, fragment thereof, peptide or nucleic acid, or be attached to a secondary binding agent that specifically binds a molecule of the invention. Such a secondary binding agent can be, for example, a secondary antibody. A secondary antibody can be either polyclonal or monoclonal, and of human, rodent or chimeric origin.

As described in Example 3, the inventors have demonstrated how a recombinant full length IgG1 human monoclonal antibody of the invention may be made. For example, the antibody or functional fragment thereof may be produced by a bacteriophage expression system. Preferably, the bacteriophage expression system comprises a phage display library.

A useful procedure for isolating the polynucleotide which encodes the antibody or functional fragment thereof begins with isolation of cDNA which can be reverse-transcribed from RNA isolated from an individual suffering from cancer, such as CLL. This disease state is characterised by the presence of antibodies with immunospecificity against ROR2. Methods for cDNA synthesis are well known in the art. A cDNA encoding an antibody or functional fragment thereof including a heavy or light chain can be amplified using, for example, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), preferably reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR).

Suitable primers for PCR may be determined by those skilled in the art using conserved sequences which flank the particular functional fragment of a heavy or light chain. Suitable PCR conditions may be determined by those skilled in the art.

Preferably, the PCR is adapted to amplify the heavy chain, more preferably the VH CH-1 fragment, and even more preferably, the heavy chain variable fragment (VH). Alternatively, or additionally, the PCR may be adapted to amplify the light chain, more preferably the VL CL fragment, and even more preferably, the light chain variable fragment (VL). Preferably, the PCR products are cloned into a suitable expression vector, more preferably a phage expression vector, one embodiment of which is illustrated in FIGS. 9a and 9 b.

Preferably, the vector is introduced into a suitable host, for example, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, for expression of the heavy and preferably, the light fragment, to occur. A suitable vector and host cell system can allow, for example, co-expression and assembly of functional fragments of the heavy and light chains. Preferably, the vector is introduced into the host by electroporation. Other suitable systems for the expression of antibody fragments can be determined by those skilled in the art and include, for example, M13 phage expression vectors. Recombinant monoclonal antibodies or functional fragments thereof can be substantially purified using methods known in the art, and which depend on the particular vector and host expression system used.

In a thirteenth aspect, there is provided a genetic construct comprising the nucleic acid of the fourth aspect.

Genetic constructs of the invention may be in the form of an expression cassette, which may be suitable for expression of the encoded polypeptide in a host cell. The genetic construct may be introduced in to a host cell without it being incorporated in a vector. For instance, the genetic construct, which may be a nucleic acid molecule, may be incorporated within a liposome or a virus particle. Alternatively, a purified nucleic acid molecule (e.g. histone-free DNA, or naked DNA) may be inserted directly into a host cell by suitable means, e.g. direct endocytotic uptake. The genetic construct may be introduced directly in to cells of a host subject (e.g. a bacterial cell) by transfection, infection, electroporation, microinjection, cell fusion, protoplast fusion or ballistic bombardment. Alternatively, genetic constructs of the invention may be introduced directly into a host cell using a particle gun. Alternatively, the genetic construct may be harboured within a recombinant vector, for expression in a suitable host cell.

Therefore, in a fourteenth aspect, there is provided a recombinant vector comprising the genetic construct according to the thirteenth aspect.

The recombinant vector may be a plasmid, cosmid or phage. Such recombinant vectors are useful for transforming host cells with the genetic construct of the thirteenth aspect, and for replicating the expression cassette therein. The skilled technician will appreciate that genetic constructs of the invention may be combined with many types of backbone vector for expression purposes. Examples of suitable backbone vectors include those shown in FIGS. 9a and 9b . Recombinant vectors may include a variety of other functional elements including a suitable promoter to initiate gene expression. For instance, the recombinant vector may be designed such that it autonomously replicates in the cytosol of the host cell. In this case, elements which induce or regulate DNA replication may be required in the recombinant vector. Alternatively, the recombinant vector may be designed such that it integrates into the genome of a host cell. In this case, DNA sequences which favour targeted integration (e.g. by homologous recombination) are envisaged.

The recombinant vector may also comprise DNA coding for a gene that may be used as a selectable marker in the cloning process, i.e. to enable selection of cells that have been transfected or transformed, and to enable the selection of cells harbouring vectors incorporating heterologous DNA. Alternatively, the selectable marker gene may be in a different vector to be used simultaneously with vector containing the gene of interest. The vector may also comprise DNA involved with regulating expression of the coding sequence, or for targeting the expressed polypeptide to a certain part of the host cell.

In another embodiment, there is provided a vector substantially as represented in FIG. 9a or 9 b.

In a fifteenth aspect, there is provided a host cell comprising the genetic construct according to the thirteenth aspect, or the recombinant vector according to the fourteenth aspect.

The host cell may be a bacterial cell. The host cell may be an animal cell, for example a mouse or rat cell. It is preferred that the host cell is not a human cell. The host cell may be transformed with genetic constructs or vectors according to the invention, using known techniques. Suitable means for introducing the genetic construct into the host cell will depend on the type of cell. According to a sixteenth aspect, there is provided a method of preparing a recombinant antibody or functional fragment thereof, the method comprising—(i) culturing at least one cell defined in the fifteenth aspect capable of expressing the required antibody or functional fragment thereof; and (ii) isolating the antibody or functional fragment thereof.

As described herein, antibodies according to the first aspect of the invention can bind to ROR2. However, the inventors realise that the antibody or functional fragment thereof of the invention may be used to act as a framework for the development of antibodies showing immunospecificity against other members of the ROR family. For example, through introducing mutations into the CDRs of the ROR2-specific antibodies described herein, it is possible to isolate antibodies that can recognize ROR1 in one embodiment, or both ROR1 and ROR2 in another embodiment (see FIG. 5).

Hence, according to a seventeenth aspect there is provided a method of isolating an antibody or a functional fragment thereof having ability to bind to Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-Like Orphan Receptor 1 (ROR1), the method comprising:

-   -   (i) mutating an antibody or functional fragment thereof as         defined in the first aspect to produce a mutant; and     -   (ii) selecting the mutant for immunospecificity against ROR1.

The mutant may be specific for ROR1, or for both ROR1 and ROR2.

In a first embodiment, said mutating step may comprise random mutagenesis, for example using degenerative PCR. For example, cDNA for the antibody is used as a template in a PCR reaction which may be doped with a mutagen, such as a mutagenic nucleoside triphosphate, for example dP and 8oxo-2′deoxyguanosine. Advantageously, this allows the introduction of mutations in a highly controlled manner throughout the cDNA to produce a mutant library. The resultant library of mutants may be displayed on the surface of a phage, and antibodies may then be selected against ROR1.

The resultant library of mutant antibodies may be selected against ROR1 using biopanning. For example, an ELISA plate may be coated with ROR1, such as with 100 μl of a 1 pgml⁻¹ solution of ROR1 in bicarbonate buffer pH 8.6, and incubated overnight at 4° C. The plate may then be washed with buffer, such as TBS. The plate may then be blocked, for example with 5% BSA in PBS and incubated for one hour at 37° C. After two further washes, 100 μl phage suspensions may be added to each well and the plate may be incubated for two hours at 37° C.

The phage may be removed and the wells filled with TBS 0.05% Tween 20 (TBST) and pipetted vigorously. After 5 minutes, the TBST may be removed, and for a first round of panning, the plate may be washed by this method once. In a second round of panning, 5 washes may be used, and in a third and subsequent rounds to washes may be used. The phage may then be eluted with 50 pl of elution buffer per well and incubated at room temperature for to minutes. After vigorous pipetting, eluted phage may be removed and neutralised with 3 pl of 2M Tris base.

In a second embodiment, said mutating may comprise introducing at least one ligand having immunospecificity against ROR1 into at least one antigen binding region of the antibody of the first aspect. The at least one ligand may comprise or consist of at least one of the six CDRs of a ROR1-specific antibody, for example any one of the dual binding ROR1/ROR2 dual binding antibodies described herein, i.e. clone #16, #84, #121 or #159. For example, the CDRs from clone #84 may be used. The amino acid sequence of the CDRs for clone #84 are preferably SEQ ID No:49, 51, 53, 55, 57 and/or 59. The nucleotide sequence encoding the clone #84 CDRs are preferably SEQ ID No:50, 52, 54, 56, 58 and/or 60. These sequences are shown in Table 1 or 2:

TABLE 1 The DNA sequence of the conserved CDR motifs of ROR₁ antibodies Light Chain Light Chain Light Chain Heavy Chain Heavy Chain Heavy Chain CDR₁ CDR₂ CDR₃ CDR₁ CDR₂ CDR₃ (SEQ ID Nos. (SEQ ID Nos. (SEQ ID Nos. (SEQ ID Nos. (SEQ ID Nos. (SEQ ID Nos. in in in in in in parenthesis) parenthesis) parenthesis) parenthesis) parenthesis) parenthesis) Caaagcctcgttca Aaagtttct  Atgcaaacc Ggattca Ataaagcaa Gcgcgcggttctt cagtgatggaaaca (58) acacactggc cctttagt gatggaagt tctcttacgacagt cctac (56) ctccgacg agctattg gagaaa gatctg (54) (60) g (50) (52)

TABLE 2 The amino acid sequence of the conserved CDR motifs of ROR₁ antibodies Light Chain Light Chain Light Chain Heavy Chain Heavy Chain Heavy Chain CDR₁ CDR₂ CDR₃ CDR₁ CDR₂ CDR₃ (SEQ ID Nos. (SEQ ID Nos. (SEQ ID Nos. (SEQ ID Nos. (SEQ ID Nos. (SEQ ID Nos. in in in in in in parenthesis) parenthesis) parenthesis) parenthesis) parenthesis) parenthesis) QSLVHSDG KVS (57) MQTTHWPPT GFTFSSY IKQDGS ARGSFSYD NTY (55) (59) W (49) EK (51) SDL (53)

The at least one antigen binding region may be in the heavy and/or light chain variable fragment. Preferably, the at least one ligand is introduced into any of the antigen binding regions in the heavy chain of the immunoglobulin or functional fragment thereof.

The ligand may be inserted by restriction enzyme digestion at an appropriate site determined by a variety of techniques including molecular modelling. A polynucleotide sequence encoding the ligand peptide sequence may be ligated into the cut restriction site, the exact details of this depending on the nature of ligand and the CDR being used.

According to an eighteenth aspect, there is provided a library or panel of recombinant antibodies or functional fragments thereof, generated using the method defined in the seventeenth aspect.

According to a nineteenth aspect of the invention, there is provided a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) that comprises an ectodomain comprising the human anti-Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-Like Orphan Receptor 2 (ROR2) antibody, or a functional fragment thereof according to the first aspect, or the isolated peptide of the third aspect.

The ectodomain may further comprise one chimeric chain or two chimeric chains. In embodiments where there are two chimeric chains, the chains may be bound to each other by a disulphide bond. It will be appreciated that one or both chimeric chains of the ectodomain comprise an antigen binding moiety. The chimeric chain or chains of the ectodomain may be selected from:—a T cell receptor alpha chain, a T cell receptor beta chain, a T cell receptor gamma chain, a T cell receptor delta chain and a CD28 ectodomain. The ectodomain may alternatively comprise part of a T cell receptor chain, such as the constant region of the T cell receptor chain.

Preferably, the CAR comprises a transmembrane domain. The transmembrane domain may comprise a CD3-zeta domain, a CD28 domain, a CD4 domain a CD8 domain or a T cell receptor domain. It will be appreciated that in embodiments where the transmembrane domain is CD3-zeta domain, a CD28 domain, a CD8 domain or a T cell receptor domain, the transmembrane domain may comprise a single transmembrane chain or two separate transmembrane chains. Preferably, the or each chain of the transmembrane domain is connected to an ectodomain comprising the isolated peptide of the third aspect or an antibody, or a functional fragment thereof according to the first aspect.

Preferably, the CAR comprises an endodomain. The endodomain may comprise one or more signalling domains. The signalling domain may comprise a CD3-zeta signalling domain, a CD28 signalling domain, a CD137 signalling domain or an OX-40 signalling domain. It will be appreciated that the CD3-zeta signalling domain, the CD28 signalling domain, the CD137 signalling domain and the OX-40 signalling domain may comprise one or more separate chains. Preferably, the or each chain of the transmembrane domain is connected to a single chain of the CD3-zeta signalling domain, the CD28 signalling domain, the CD137 signalling domain or the OX-40 signalling domain.

According to a twentieth aspect of the invention, there is provided an effector cell comprising the CAR of the nineteenth aspect.

According to a twenty-first aspect of the invention, there is provided an effector cell according to the twentieth aspect, for use in therapy or diagnosis.

According to a twenty-second aspect of the invention, there is provided an effector cell according to the twentieth aspect, for use in treating, preventing or ameliorating cancer.

The effector cell according to the twentieth, the twenty-first or the twenty-second aspect may be a somatic cell or a leukocyte. The leukocyte may be a lymphocyte, a natural killer cell, a monocyte, a macrophage, an eosinophil, a basophil or a neutrophil. The lymphocyte may be a T lymphocyte or a B lymphocyte. Preferably, the effector cell is a T lymphocyte. Hence, in one preferred embodiment, the effector cell is a chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T).

According to a twenty-third aspect, there is provided a method of treating, preventing or ameliorating cancer in a subject, the method comprising administering, to a patient in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of an effector cell according to the twentieth aspect.

The cancer may be neuroblastoma or osteosarcoma.

According to a twenty-fourth aspect of the invention, there is provided a genetic construct encoding the CAR of the nineteenth aspect.

According to a twenty-fifth aspect of the invention, there is provided a recombinant vector comprising the genetic construct of the twenty-fourth aspect.

According to a twenty-sixth aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of creating a CAR according to the nineteenth aspect, the method comprising transforming an effector cell with the genetic construct of the twenty-fourth aspect or the recombinant vector of the twenty-fifth aspect.

The effector cell may be a somatic cell or a leukocyte. The leukocyte may be a lymphocyte, a natural killer cell, a monocyte, a macrophage, an eosinophil, a basophil or a neutrophil. The lymphocyte may be a T lymphocyte or a B lymphocyte. Preferably, the effector cell is a T lymphocyte.

It will be appreciated that the invention extends to any nucleic acid or peptide or variant, derivative or analogue thereof, which comprises or consists of substantially the amino acid or nucleic acid sequences of any of the sequences referred to herein, including functional variants or functional fragments thereof. The terms “substantially the amino acid/nucleotide/peptide sequence”, “functional variant” and “functional fragment”, can be a sequence that has at least 40% sequence identity with the amino acid/nucleotide/peptide sequences of any one of the sequences referred to herein, for example 40% identity with the sequence identified as SEQ ID No:225 (i.e. the polypeptide sequence of one embodiment of human ROR2) or the nucleotide identified as SEQ ID No.224 (i.e. the DNA sequence encoding one embodiment of human ROR2), and so on.

Amino acid/polynucleotide/polypeptide sequences with a sequence identity which is greater than 50%, more preferably greater than 65%, 70%, 75%, and still more preferably greater than 80% sequence identity to any of the sequences referred to are also envisaged. Preferably, the amino acid/polynucleotide/polypeptide sequence has at least 85% identity with any of the sequences referred to, more preferably at least 90%, 92%, 95%, 97%, 98%, and most preferably at least 99% identity with any of the sequences referred to herein.

The skilled technician will appreciate how to calculate the percentage identity between two amino acid/polynucleotide/polypeptide sequences. In order to calculate the percentage identity between two amino acid/polynucleotide/polypeptide sequences, an alignment of the two sequences must first be prepared, followed by calculation of the sequence identity value. The percentage identity for two sequences may take different values depending on:—(i) the method used to align the sequences, for example, ClustalW, BLAST, FASTA, Smith-Waterman (implemented in different programs), or structural alignment from 3D comparison; and (ii) the parameters used by the alignment method, for example, local vs global alignment, the pair-score matrix used (e.g. blosum62, pam250, gonnet etc.), and gap-penalty, e.g. functional form and constants.

Having made the alignment, there are many different ways of calculating percentage identity between the two sequences. For example, one may divide the number of identities by: (i) the length of shortest sequence; (ii) the length of alignment; (iii) the mean length of sequence; (iv) the number of non-gap positions; or (iv) the number of equivalenced positions excluding overhangs. Furthermore, it will be appreciated that percentage identity is also strongly length dependent. Therefore, the shorter a pair of sequences is, the higher the sequence identity one may expect to occur by chance.

Hence, it will be appreciated that the accurate alignment of protein or DNA sequences is a complex process. The popular multiple alignment program ClustalW (Thompson et al., 1994, Nucleic Acids Research, 22, 4673-4680; Thompson et al., 1997, Nucleic Acids Research, 24, 4876-4882) is a preferred way for generating multiple alignments of proteins or DNA in accordance with the invention. Suitable parameters for ClustalW may be as follows: For DNA alignments: Gap Open Penalty=15.0, Gap Extension Penalty=6.66, and Matrix=Identity. For protein alignments: Gap Open Penalty=10.0, Gap Extension Penalty=0.2, and Matrix=Gonnet. For DNA and Protein alignments: ENDGAP=−1, and GAPDIST=4. Those skilled in the art will be aware that it may be necessary to vary these and other parameters for optimal sequence alignment.

Preferably, calculation of percentage identities between two amino acid/polynucleotide/polypeptide sequences may then be calculated from such an alignment as (N/T)*100, where N is the number of positions at which the sequences share an identical residue, and T is the total number of positions compared including gaps but excluding overhangs. hence, a most preferred method for calculating percentage identity between two sequences comprises (i) preparing a sequence alignment using the clustalw program using a suitable set of parameters, for example, as set out above; and (ii) inserting the values of n and t into the following formula:—sequence identity=(N/T)*100.

Alternative methods for identifying similar sequences will be known to those skilled in the art. For example, a substantially similar nucleotide sequence will be encoded by a sequence which hybridizes to any of the nucleic acid sequences shown herein, or their complements under stringent conditions. By stringent conditions, we mean the nucleotide hybridises to filter-bound DNA or RNA in 3× sodium chloride/sodium citrate (SSC) at approximately 45° C. followed by at least one wash in 0.2×ssc/0.1% SDS at approximately 20-65° C. Alternatively, a substantially similar polypeptide may differ by at least 1, but less than 5, 10, 20, 50 or too amino acids from the sequences shown herein.

Due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, it is clear that any nucleic acid sequence described herein could be varied or changed without substantially affecting the sequence of the protein encoded thereby, to provide a functional variant thereof. Suitable nucleotide variants are those having a sequence altered by the substitution of different codons that encode the same amino acid within the sequence, thus producing a silent change. Other suitable variants are those having homologous nucleotide sequences but comprising all, or portions of, sequence, which are altered by the substitution of different codons that encode an amino acid with a side chain of similar biophysical properties to the amino acid it substitutes, to produce a conservative change. For example small non-polar, hydrophobic amino acids include glycine, alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, proline, and methionine. Large non-polar, hydrophobic amino acids include phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine. The polar neutral amino acids include serine, threonine, cysteine, asparagine and glutamine. The positively charged (basic) amino acids include lysine, arginine and histidine. The negatively charged (acidic) amino acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid. It will therefore be appreciated which amino acids may be replaced with an amino acid having similar biophysical properties, and the skilled technician will know the nucleotide sequences encoding these amino acids.

EMBODIMENTS

In one aspect of the invention, there is provided a human anti-Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-Like Orphan Receptor 2 (ROR2) antibody, or a functional fragment thereof. In an embodiment, the functional fragment comprises a fragment selected from a group consisting of VH, VL, Fd, Fv, Fab, Fab′, scFv, F (ab′)₂ and Fc fragment. In an embodiment, the antibody or functional fragment thereof selectively interacts with ROR2 peptide with an affinity constant of approximately 10⁻⁵ to 10⁻¹³ M⁻¹, preferably 10⁻⁶ to 10⁻⁹ M⁻¹, even more preferably, 10−10 to 10⁻¹² M⁻¹. In an embodiment, the antibody or fragment exhibits an IC₅₀ for ROR2 of about 10⁻⁷ to 10⁻¹¹ M⁻¹ or 10⁻⁷ to 10⁻⁹ M⁻¹, wherein the IC50 is calculated using a competition ELISA.

In an embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof is capable of mediating killing or shrinking ROR2-expressing tumour cells, or inhibiting cancer cell proliferation. In an embodiment, the antibody of fragment thereof is capable of being endocytosed upon binding to ROR2. In an embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof is capable of binding to one or more the following epitopes, or a fragment or variant thereof, selected from a group of epitopes consisting of:

(SEQ ID No. 226) TGYYQCVATNGMKTI; (SEQ ID No. 227) RGIACARFIGNRTIY; (SEQ ID No. 228) KTITATGVLFVRLGP; (SEQ ID No. 229) CQPYRGIACARFIGNRTIY; (SEQ ID No. 230) QCSQFAIPSFCHFVFPLCD; (SEQ ID No. 231) ELCRDECEVLESDLC; (SEQ ID No. 232) ANCMRIGIPAERLGR; and

the rest of the sequence of the extracellular domain of ROR2 (i.e. SEQ ID No. 233), or a functional fragment or variant of any of these epitopes.

In an embodiment, the antibody or functional fragment thereof comprises at least one antigen binding region comprising an amino acid sequence, or a fragment or variant thereof, selected from a group consisting of:—

-   -   (i) SEQ ID No:1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and/or 11;     -   (ii) SEQ ID No:13, 15, 17, 19, 21 and/or 23;     -   (iii) SEQ ID No:25, 27, 29, 31, 33 and/or 35;     -   (iv) SEQ ID No:37, 39, 41, 43, 45 and/or 47;     -   (v) SEQ ID No:49, 51, 53, 55, 57 and/or 59;     -   (vi) SEQ ID No:61, 63, 65, 67, 69 and/or 71;     -   (vii) SEQ ID No:73, 75, 77, 79, 81 and/or 83;     -   (viii) SEQ ID No:85, 87, 89, 91, 93 and/or 95;     -   (ix) SEQ ID No:97, 99, lot, 103, 105 and/or 107;     -   (x) SEQ ID No:109, 111, 113, 115, 117 and/or 119;     -   (xi) SEQ ID No:121, 123, 125, 127, 129 and/or 131;     -   (xii) SEQ ID No:133, 135, 137, 139, 141 and/or 143; and/or     -   (xiii) SEQ ID No:145, 147, 149, 151, 153 and/or 155.

In an embodiment, the antibody or functional fragment thereof comprises at least one antigen binding region encoded by a nucleotide sequence, or a fragment or variant thereof, selected from a group consisting of:—

-   -   (i) SEQ ID No:2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and/or 12;     -   (ii) SEQ ID No:14, 16, 18, 20, 22 and/or 24;     -   (iii) SEQ ID No:26, 28, 30, 32, 34 and/or 36;     -   (iv) SEQ ID No:38, 40, 42, 44, 46 and/or 48;     -   (v) SEQ ID No:50, 52, 54, 56, 58 and/or 60;     -   (vi) SEQ ID No:62, 64, 66, 68, 70 and/or 72;     -   (vii) SEQ ID No:74, 76, 78, 80, 82 and/or 84;     -   (viii) SEQ ID No:86, 88, 90, 92, 94 and/or 96;     -   (ix) SEQ ID No:98, 100, 102, 104, 106 and/or 108;     -   (x) SEQ ID No:110, 112, 114, 116, 118 and/or 120;     -   (xi) SEQ ID No:122, 124, 126, 128, 130 and/or 132;     -   (xii) SEQ ID No:134, 136, 138, 140, 142 and/or 144; and/or     -   (xiii) SEQ ID No:146, 148, 150, 152, 154 and/or 156.

In an embodiment, the antibody or functional fragment thereof comprises at least two, three, four, five or six amino acid sequences defined in any of (i) to (xiii). In an embodiment, the antibody of functional fragment thereof comprises a light chain variable region (VL) and/or a heavy chain variable region (VH), the light chain variable region comprising an amino acid sequence which is substantially as set out in SEQ ID Nos: 158, 162, 166, 170, 174, 178, 182, 186, 190, 194, 198, 202 or 206, or a functional fragment or variant thereof, and the heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence which is substantially as set out in SEQ ID Nos: 160, 164, 168, 172, 176, 180, 184, 188, 192, 196, 200, 204 or 208, or a functional fragment or variant thereof.

In an embodiment, the antibody of functional fragment thereof comprises a light chain variable region (VL) and/or a heavy chain variable region (VH), the light chain variable region being encoded by a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence which is substantially as set out in SEQ ID. Nos. 157, 161, 165, 169, 173, 177, 181, 185, 189, 193, 197, 201 or 205, or a functional fragment or variant thereof, the heavy chain variable region being encoded by a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence which is substantially as set out in SEQ ID. No: 159, 163, 167, 171, 175, 179, 183, 187, 191, 195, 199, 203 or 207, or a functional fragment or variant thereof.

In an embodiment, the antibody or functional fragment thereof corresponds to a clone selected from clones #016, #023, #024, #027, #084, #090, #093, #096, #121, #159, #173, #240 and #241. In an embodiment, the antibody or functional fragment thereof is also capable of binding to Receptor Kinase-Like Orphan Receptor 1 (ROR1). In an embodiment, the antibody or functional fragment thereof corresponds to a clone selected from clones #016, #084, #121, and #159.

In another aspect, a peptide comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence, or a fragment or variant thereof, selected from a group consisting of:—

-   -   (i) SEQ ID No:1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and/or 11;     -   (ii) SEQ ID No:13, 15, 17, 19, 21 and/or 23;     -   (iii) SEQ ID No:25, 27, 29, 31, 33 and/or 35;     -   (iv) SEQ ID No:37, 39, 41, 43, 45 and/or 47;     -   (v) SEQ ID No:49, 51, 53, 55, 57 and/or 59;     -   (vi) SEQ ID No:61, 63, 65, 67, 69 and/or 71;     -   (vii) SEQ ID No:73, 75, 77, 79, 81 and/or 83;     -   (viii) SEQ ID No:85, 87, 89, 91, 93 and/or 95;     -   (ix) SEQ ID No:97, 99, lot, 103, 105 and/or 107;     -   (x) SEQ ID No:109, 111, 113, 115, 117 and/or 119;     -   (xi) SEQ ID No:121, 123, 125, 127, 129 and/or 131;     -   (xii) SEQ ID No:133, 135, 137, 139, 141 and/or 143; and/or     -   (xiii) SEQ ID No:145, 147, 149, 151, 153 and/or 155.

In an embodiment, the isolated peptide is an anti-Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-Like Orphan Receptor 2 (ROR2) antibody, or a functional fragment thereof. In an embodiment, the isolated peptide comprises or consists of at least two, three, four, five or six amino acid sequences defined in any of (i) to (xiii).

In an embodiment, the peptide comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence substantially as set out in SEQ ID No: 158, 162, 166, 170, 174, 178, 182, 186, 190, 194, 198, 202 or 206, or a functional variant or fragment thereof, or an amino acid sequence substantially as set out in SEQ ID No: 160, 164, 168, 172, 176, 180, 184, 188, 192, 196, 200, 204 or 208, or a functional variant or fragment thereof.

In an embodiment, said peptide is chemically synthesized. In an embodiment, the peptide further comprises one or more protecting groups. In an embodiment, the one or more protecting groups are selected from the group consisting of acetyl, amide, 3 to 20 carbon alkyl groups, Fmoc, Tboc, 9-fluoreneacetyl group, 1-fluorenecarboxylic group, 9-florenecarboxylic group, 9-fluorenone-1-carboxylic group, benzyloxycarbonyl, Xanthyl(Xan), Trityl (Trt), 4-methyltrityl (Mtt), 4-methoxytrityl (Mmt), 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylbenzenesulphonyl(Mtr), Mesitylene-2-sulphonyl (Mts), 4,4-dimethoxybenzhydryl(Mbh), Tosyl (Tos), 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl chroman-6-sulphonyl (Pmc), 4-methylbenzyl(MeBzl), 4-methoxybenzyl (MeOBzl), Benzyloxy (BzlO), Benzyl (Bzl), Benzoyl (Bz), 3-nitro-2-pyridinesulphenyl (Npys), 1-(4,4-dimentyl-2,6-diaxocyclohexylidene)ethyl (Dde), 2,6-dichlorobenzyl (2,6-DiCl-Bzl), 2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl (2-Cl—Z), 2-bromobenzyloxycarbonyl (2-Br—Z), Benzyloxymethyl (Born), t-butoxycarbonyl (Boc), cyclohexyloxy (cHxO), t-butoxymethyl (Burn), t-butoxy (tBuO), t-Butyl (tBu), and Trifluoroacetyl (TFA). In an embodiment, the peptide is modified with a polymer to increase serum half-life. In an embodiment, the polymer comprises polyethylene glycol and/or cellulose or modified cellulose.

In another aspect, an isolated nucleic acid encodes a peptide capable of binding to Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-Like Orphan Receptor 2 (ROR2) protein, the nucleic acid comprising or consisting of a nucleotide sequence, or a fragment or variant thereof, selected from a group consisting of:—

-   -   (i) SEQ ID No:2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and/or 12;     -   (ii) SEQ ID No:14, 16, 18, 20, 22 and/or 24;     -   (iii) SEQ ID No:26, 28, 30, 32, 34 and/or 36;     -   (iv) SEQ ID No:38, 40, 42, 44, 46 and/or 48;     -   (v) SEQ ID No:50, 52, 54, 56, 58 and/or 60;     -   (vi) SEQ ID No:62, 64, 66, 68, 70 and/or 72;     -   (vii) SEQ ID No:74, 76, 78, 80, 82 and/or 84;     -   (viii) SEQ ID No:86, 88, 90, 92, 94 and/or 96;     -   (ix) SEQ ID No:98, 100, 102, 104, 106 and/or 108;     -   (x) SEQ ID No:110, 112, 114, 116, 118 and/or 120;     -   (xi) SEQ ID No:122, 124, 126, 128, 130 and/or 132;     -   (xii) SEQ ID No:134, 136, 138, 140, 142 and/or 144; and/or     -   (xiii) SEQ ID No:146, 148, 150, 152, 154 and/or 156.

In an embodiment, the nucleic acid encodes an anti-Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-Like Orphan Receptor 2 (ROR2) antibody, or a functional fragment thereof, optionally, wherein the nucleic acid comprises or consists of at least two, three, four, five or six nucleotide sequences defined in any of (i) to (xiii).

In an embodiment, the nucleic acid comprises or consists of a nucleotide sequence substantially as set out in SEQ ID No: 157, 161, 165, 169, 173, 177, 181, 185, 189, 193, 197, 201 or 205, or a functional variant or fragment thereof, or a nucleic acid may comprise a nucleotide sequence Jo substantially as set out in 159, 163, 167, 171, 175, 179, 183, 187, 191, 195, 199, 203 or 207, or a functional variant or fragment thereof.

In another aspect, an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) comprises the antibody or a functional fragment thereof described herein, and a cytotoxic moiety. In an embodiment, the cytotoxic moiety is a toxin selected from monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF) or maytansine.

In another aspect, a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) comprises an ectodomain comprising the human anti-Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-Like Orphan Receptor 2 (ROR2) antibody, or a functional fragment thereof described herein, or the isolated peptide described herein.

In an embodiment, the receptor comprises a transmembrane domain. In an embodiment, the transmembrane domain comprises a CD3-zeta domain, a CD28 domain, a CD4 domain, a CD8 domain, or a T cell receptor domain. In an embodiment, the receptor comprises an endodomain. In an embodiment, the endodomain comprises one or more signalling domains. In an embodiment, the signalling domain comprises a CD3-zeta signalling domain, a CD28 signalling domain, a CD137 signalling domain, or an OX-40 signalling domain.

In another aspect, an effector cell comprises the chimeric antigen receptor described herein.

In another aspect, there is provided an effector cell as described herein, for use in therapy or diagnosis.

In another aspect, there is provided an effector cell as described herein, for use in treating, preventing or ameliorating cancer. In an embodiment, the effector cell is a leukocyte. In an embodiment, wherein the leukocyte is a lymphocyte. In an embodiment, the lymphocyte is a chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T).

In another aspect, a method of treating, preventing or ameliorating cancer in a subject, comprises administering, to a patient in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of an effector cell as described herein. In an embodiment, the cancer is neuroblastoma or osteosarcoma.

In another aspect, a genetic construct encodes the CAR as described herein.

In another aspect, a recombinant vector comprises the genetic construct described herein.

In another aspect, a method of creating a CAR as described herein comprises transforming an effector cell with the recombinant vector described herein.

In another aspect, a method of treating, preventing or ameliorating cancer in a subject comprises administering, to a patient in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or a functional fragment thereof, a peptide, a nucleic acid, an antibody-drug conjugate, or an effector cell, each being optionally derivatised, as described herein.

In an embodiment, the antibody or functional fragment thereof, peptide, a nucleic acid or conjugate may be used in the treatment, prevention, amelioration or diagnosis of a ROR2-positive cancer type. In an embodiment, the cancer is chronic OS, renal cell carcinoma, gastric cancer, malignant melanoma, oral squamous cell carcinoma, prostate cancer, osteosarcoma, and neuroblastoma.

In another aspect, a pharmaceutical composition comprises an antibody or a functional fragment thereof, a peptide, a nucleic acid, an antibody-drug conjugate, or an effector cell as described herein, each being optionally derivatised; and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.

In an embodiment, wherein the composition is an anti-cancer composition.

In another aspect, a process for making the composition comprises combining a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or a functional fragment thereof, a peptide, a nucleic acid, an antibody-drug conjugate, or an effector cell as described herein, each being optionally derivatised, with a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.

In another aspect, a kit for diagnosing a subject suffering from cancer, or a pre-disposition thereto, or for providing a prognosis of the subject's condition, comprises detection means for detecting the concentration of antigen present in a sample from a test subject, wherein the detection means comprises an antibody or functional fragment thereof, a peptide, a nucleic acid, or an effector cell, as described herein, each being optionally derivatised, wherein presence of antigen in the sample suggests that the subject suffers from cancer.

In an embodiment, the antigen comprises ROR2 protein, or preferably an extracellular domain thereof. In an embodiment, the kit is used to identify the presence or absence of ROR2-positive cells in the sample, or determine the concentration thereof in the sample. In an embodiment, the kit comprises a positive control and/or a negative control against which the assay is compared. In an embodiment, wherein the kit further comprises a label which may be detected.

In another aspect, a method for diagnosing a subject suffering from cancer, or a pre-disposition thereto, or for providing a prognosis of the subject's condition, comprises detecting the concentration of antigen present in a sample obtained from a subject, wherein the detection is achieved using an antibody or functional fragment thereof, a peptide, a nucleic acid, or an effector cell as described herein, each being optionally derivatised, and wherein presence of antigen in the sample suggests that the subject suffers from cancer.

In another aspect, a genetic construct comprises the nucleic acid as described herein.

In another aspect, a recombinant vector comprises the genetic construct.

In another aspect, a host cell comprises the genetic construct.

In another aspect, a method of preparing a recombinant antibody or functional fragment thereof, comprises:—(i) culturing at least one cell described herein capable of expressing the required antibody or functional fragment thereof; and (ii) isolating the antibody or functional fragment thereof.

In another aspect, there is provided use of an epitope for generating an anti-Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-Like Orphan Receptor 2 (ROR2) antibody, or a functional fragment thereof, wherein the epitope comprises or consists of sequence selected from the group of epitopes consisting of: TGYYQCVATNGMKTI (SEQ ID No.226); RGIACARFIGNRTIY (SEQ ID No. 227); KTITATGVLFVRLGP (SEQ ID No. 228); CQPYRGIACARFIGNRTIY (SEQ ID No. 229); QCSQFAIPSFCHFVFPLCD (SEQ ID No.230); ELCRDECEVLESDLC (SEQ ID No. 231); and ANCMRIGIPAERLGR (SEQ ID No. 232); and the rest of the sequence of the extracellular domain of ROR2 (i.e. SEQ ID No. 233); or a functional fragment or variant of any of these epitopes.

All of the features described herein (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), and/or all of the steps of any method or process so disclosed, may be combined with any of the above aspects in any combination, except combinations where at least some of such features and/or steps are mutually exclusive.

The following examples illustrate various aspects of the invention. The examples should, of course, be understood to be merely illustrative of only certain embodiments of the invention and not to constitute limitations upon the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES

FIG. 1 is a Kaplan Meier curve showing that high expression levels of ROR2 correlate significantly with poorer overall survival among neuroblastoma cancer patients. This finding led the inventors to develop an antibody that can be used in the therapy and/or diagnosis of neuroblastoma.

Example 1—Generation of Candidates of Therapeutic Human mAbs Specific for Human ROR2 Extracellular Domain (ECD)

Through panning against the human ROR2 extracellular domain protein (ECD) using a fully-human antibody phage library, multiple ROR2-specific antibodies with a wide range of affinity were identified. FIG. 2 is a flow chart, which describes the process used to identify ROR2-specific antibodies present within 70 different phage display libraries.

A total of 1552 single chain Fv (scFv) phage antibodies were screened from enriched panning pools using ELISAs and flow cytometry against the ROR2 positive human colorectal cancer cell line, HCT116, in order to identify antibodies that recognize the native conformation of human ROR2.

ELISA

Using ELISAs, the inventors selected 199 unique clones exhibiting positive binding to human ROR2 ECD-Fc fusion protein and negative binding to control Fc-fusion protein and blank control (see FIG. 3). Table 3 is a summary of phage panning results. P-302

TABLE 3 Summary of phage panning results Number of Number of Human Unique Clones ROR2 ROR1 and Clones positive ROR2- ROR2 dual Time line Libraries Campaigns Screened Clones specific binding Feb. 22, 2011 70 42 1552 570 162 37 to Sep. 30, 2011

70 independent human antibody phage libraries were used in 42 parallel panning campaigns. 1552 individual phage clones from the enriched panning pools were screened by plate ELISA. Among them, 570 clones were ELISA positive. DNA sequence analysis indicated that there were 199 unique antibody clones, 162 were ROR2 specific clones, and 37 were dual specific clones (ROR1 and ROR2).

Binding affinity of 131 unique ELISA positive phage clones were estimated by competitive phage-binding ELISA. A diagram demonstrating the design of ROR2 competitive ELISA is shown in FIG. 4. Purified phage antibodies were first diluted serially in PBST buffer, and tested for binding to a ROR2-coated plate. The dilution that gave 50-80% saturating signal was used in the solution binding assay in which phage were first incubated with increasing concentration of ROR2 for one to two hours and then transferred to ROR2-coated plate for 10-15 minutes to capture the unbound phage. IC₅₀ was calculated as the concentration of ROR2 in solution-binding stage that inhibited 50% of the phage from binding to immobilized ROR2. Multiple antibodies with sub-nanomolar binding affinity as monovalent phage antibodies were identified through phage display (see Table 4).

TABLE 4 Summary of competitive ELISA results used to determine the binding affinity of 131 scFv of the ROR2-specific clones IC₅₀ (nM) ≤1.0 1.0-10.0 10.0-100.0 >100.0 N.A Number of 7 17 35 5 67 clones

37 (of the 1552) phage display antibodies were identified, by ELISA, as being capable of binding to human ROR1-ECD and human ROR2-ECD (see Table 3 and FIG. 5).

Flow Cytometry

Phage clones, with an IC50 greater than 10 nM against ROR2-ECD or which bind to both ROR1-ECD and ROR2-ECD, were screened further for cell-surface ROR2 recognition via flow cytometry. 13 clones were found to recognize ROR2-positive cancer cells, HCT116, but not ROR2 negative T lymphocyte cancer cells, Jurkat (see FIGS. 6 and 7). FIG. 8 shows the binding of HCT116 and Jurkat cells to commercial anti-human ROR1 and anti-human ROR2 antibodies.

Example 2—Summary of the Preferred ROR2 Specific Antibodies

The inventors isolated 199 antibodies according to the invention. However, 13 of these 199 antibodies in particular are believed to be particularly valuable, and may be developed for therapeutic or diagnostic use. These 13 antibodies are selected by the following criteria:

-   -   1. They bind specifically to ROR2 (i.e. clone #023, #024, #027,         #090, #093, #096, #173, #240 and #241) or bind specifically to         both ROR1 and ROR2 (i.e. clone #016, #084, #121 and #159);     -   2. They have high ROR2-binding affinity; and     -   3. They form the pool that is likely to be converted into full         IgG molecules for further analysis.

For each antibody, the information is organized as following:

-   -   1. Name of antibody;     -   2. Light chain variable region DNA sequence;     -   3. Light chain variable region protein sequence;     -   4. Heavy chain variable region DNA sequence; and     -   5. Heavy chain variable region protein sequence.

1) Antibody ROR2 clone #016 016-Lambda light chain variable region (DNA sequence) [SEQ ID No. 157] Tcttctgagctgactcaggaccctgctgtgtctgtggccttgggacagacagtcaggatcacatgccaag gagacagcctcagaagctattatgcaagctggtaccagcagaagccaggacaggcccctgtacttgtcat ctatggtaaaaacaaccggccctcagggatcccagaccgattctctggctccagctcaggaaacacagct tccttgaccatcactggggctcaggcggaagatgaggctgactattactgtaactcccgggacagcagtg gtaaccatctggtattcggcggagggaccaagctgaccgtcctagg 016-Lambda light chain variable region (amino acid sequence) [SEQ ID No. 158] SSELTQDPAVSVALGQTVRITCQGDSLRSYYASWYQQKPGQAPVLVIYGKNNRPSGIPDRFSGSSSGNTA SLTITGAQAEDEADYYCNSRDSSGNHLVFGGGTKLTVLG 016-Heavy chain variable region (DNA sequence) [SEQ ID No. 159] Gaggtccagctggtacagtctggggctgaggtgaagaagcctggggcctcagtgaaggtctcctgcaagg cttctggatacaccttcaccgactactatatacactgggtgcggcaggcccctggacaagggctggagtg gatgggatggatgaaccctaacagtgggaactcagtctctgcacagaagttccagggcagagtcaccatg accagggatacctccataaacacagcctacatggagctgagcagcctgacatctgacgacacggccgtgt attactgtgcgcgcaactctgaatggcatccgtggggttactacgattactggggtcaaggtactctggt gaccgtctcctca 016-Heavy chain variable region (amino acid sequence) [SEQ ID No. 160] EVQLVQSGAEVKKPGASVKVSCKASGYTFTDYYIHWVRQAPGQGLEWMGWMNPNSGNSVSAQKFQGRVTM TRDTSINTAYMELSSLTSDDTAVYYCARNSEWHPWGYYDYWGQGTLVTVSS 2) Antibody ROR2 clone #023 023-Kappa light chain variable region (DNA sequence) [SEQ ID No. 161] Gaaacgacactcacgcagtctccaggcaccctgtctgtgtctccaggggaaagagccaccctctcctgca gggccagtcagagtgttagcagcaacttagcctggtaccagcagaaacgtggccaggctcccaggctcct catctatggtgcgtctacccgggccactggtatcccagtcaggttcagtggcagtgggtctgggacagag ttcactctcaccatcagcagattggagcctgaagattttgcagtgtattactgtcagcagtatggtaggt caccgctcactttcggcggagggaccaaagtggatatcaaacgt 023-Kappa light chain variable region (amino acid sequence) [SEQ ID No. 162] ETTLTQSPGTLSVSPGERATLSCRASQSVSSNLAWYQQKRGQAPRLLIYGASTRATGIPVRFSGSGSGTE FTLTISRLEPEDFAVYYCQQYGRSPLTFGGGTKVDIKR 023-Heavy chain variable region (DNA sequence) [SEQ ID No. 163] gaagtgcagctggtgcagtctggagcagaggtgaaaaagcccggggagtctctgaagatctcctgtcagg gttctggatacaggttcagcaagtactggatcggctgggtgcgccagatgcccgggaaaggcctggagtg gatggggatcatctatcctggtgactctgataccagatacagcccgtccttccaaggccaggtcaccatc tcagccgacaagtccatcagcaccgcctacctgcagtggagcagcctgaaggcctcggacaccgccatgt attactgtgcgcgctctttctcttctttcatctacgattactggggtcaaggtactctggtgaccgtctc ctca 023-Heavy chain variable region (amino acid sequence) [SEQ ID No. 164] EVQLVQSGAEVKKPGESLKISCQGSGYRFSKYWIGWVRQMPGKGLEWMGIIYPGDSDTRYSPSFQGQVTI SADKSISTAYLQWSSLKASDTAMYYCARSFSSFIYDYWGQGTLVTVSS 3) Antibody ROR2 clone #024 024-Kappa light chain variable region (DNA sequence) [SEQ ID No. 165] Gaaattgtgatgacacagtctccagccaccctgtctgtgtctccaggggaaagtgccaccctctcctgca gggccagtcagggtgttggcatcaacttagcctggtaccagcagagacctggccagcctcccaggctcct catctatgatgcatccaacagggccactggcatcccagccaggttcagtggcagtgggtctgggacagat ttcactctcaccatcagcagcctgcaggctgaagatgtggcagtctattactgtcagcaatactatagtt ttccgtggacgttcggccaggggaccaaggtggaaatcaaacgt 024-Kappa light chain variable region (amino acid sequence) [SEQ ID No. 166] EIVMTQSPATLSVSPGESATLSCRASQGVGINLAWYQQRPGQPPRLLIYDASNRATGIPARFSGSGSGTD FTLTISSLQAEDVAVYYCQQYYSFPWTFGQGTKVEIKR 024-Heavy chain variable region (DNA sequence) [SEQ ID No. 167] Gaggtgcagctggtgcagtctggggcagaggtgaaaaagcccggggagtctctgaaaatctcctgtaagg cttctggatacagctttagcaactactggatcggctgggtgcgccagatgcccgggaaaggcctggagtg gatggggatcatctatcctgatgactctgataccagatacagcccgtccgtccaaggccaggtcaccatc tcagccgacaagtccatcagcaccgcctacctgcagtggtacagcctgaaggtcgcggacaccgccaaat attactgtgtgcgccctaggggggcttttgatatctggggccaagggaccacggtcaccgtctcctca 024-Heavy chain variable region (amino acid sequence) [SEQ ID No. 168] EVQLVQSGAEVKKPGESLKISCKASGYSFSNYWIGWVRQMPGKGLEWMGIIYPDDSDTRYSPSVQGQVTI SADKSISTAYLQWYSLKVADTAKYYCVRPRGAFDIWGQGTTVTVSS 4) Antibody ROR2 clone #027 027-Light chain variable region (DNA sequence) [SEQ ID No. 169] Cagtctgtgctgacgcagccgccctcagtgtctggggccccagggcagagggtcacgatctcctgcactg ggagtagctccaacatoggggcaggtcatgctgtacactggtaccagcaacttccaggaacagcccccaa actectcatctatgataacgccaatcggccctcaggggtccctgaccgattctctggctcccagtctggc acttcagcctccctggccatcaccggactccagactggggacgaggccgattattactgcggaacatggg atgacagcccgagtgcttatgtcttcggaactgggaccaaggtcaccgtcctaggt 027-Light chain variable region (amino acid sequence) [SEQ ID No. 170] QSVLTQPPSVSGAPGQRVTISCTGSSSNIGAGHAVHWYQQLPGTAPKLLIYDNANRPSGVPDRFSGSQSG TSASLAITGLQTGDEADYYCGTWDDSPSAYVFGTGTKVTVLG 027-Heavy chain variable region (DNA sequence) [SEQ ID No. 171] Caggtgcagctggtggagtctggggcagaggtgaaaaagcccggggagtctctgaaaatctcctgtaagg cttctggatacagctttagcaactactggatcggctgggtgcgccagatgcccgggaaaggcctggagtg gatggggatcatctatcctgatgactctgataccagatacagcccgtccttccaaggccaggtcaccatc tcagccgacaagtccatcagcaccgcctacctgcagtggtacagcctgaaggtcgcggacaccgccaaat attactgtgtgcgccctaggggggcttttgatatctggggccaagggaccacggtcaccgtctcctca 027-Heavy chain variable region (amino acid sequence) [SEQ ID No. 172] QVQLVESGAEVKKPGESLKISCKASGYSFSNYWIGWVRQMPGKGLEWMGIIYPDDSDTRYSPSFQGQVTI SADKSISTAYLQWYSLKVADTAKYYCVRPRGAFDIWGQGTTVTVSS 5) Antibody ROR2 clone #084 084-Kappa light chain variable region (DNA sequence) [SEQ ID No. 173] gatgttgtgatgactcagtctccactctccctgcccgtcacccttggacagccggcctccatctcctgca ggtctagtcaaagcctcgttcacagtgatggaaacacctacttgaattggtttcagcagaggccaggcca atctccaaggcgcctaatttataaagtttctagccgggactctggggtcccagatagattcagcggcact gggtcaggcactgatttcacactgaaaatcagcagggtggaggctgaagatgttggcgtttattactgca tgcaaaccacacactggcctccgacgttcggccaagggaccaaggtggagatcaaacgt 084-Kappa light chain variable region (amino acid sequence) [SEQ ID No. 174] DVVMTQSPLSLPVTLGQPASISCRSSQSLVHSDGNTYLNWFQQRPGQSPRRLIYKVSSRDSGVPDRFSGT GSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDVGVYYCMQTTHWPPTFGQGTKVEIKR 084-Heavy chain variable region (DNA sequence) [SEQ ID No. 175] caggtgcagctggtggagtctgggggaggcttggtccagcctggggggtccctgagactctcctgtgcag cctctggattcacctttagtagctattggatgagctgggtccgccaggctccagggaaagggctggagtg ggtggccaacataaagcaagatggaagtgagaaatactatgtggactctgtgaggggccgattcaccatc tccagagacaacgccaagaactcactgtatctgcaaatgaacagcctgagagccgaggacaccgccatgt attactgtgcgcgcggttctttctcttacgacagtgatctgtggggtcaaggtactctggtgaccgtctc ctca 084-Heavy chain variable region (amino acid sequence) [SEQ ID No. 176] QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFSSYWMSWVRQAPGKGLEWVANIKQDGSEKYYVDSVRGRFTI SRDNAKNSLYLQMNSLRAEDTAMYYCARGSFSYDSDLWGQGTLVTVSS 6) Antibody ROR2 clone #90 090-Light chain variable region (DNA sequence) [SEQ ID No. 177] cagcctgtgctgactcagccaccctcagcgtctgggacccccgggcagagggtcaccatctcttgttctg gaagcagctccaacatcgggagtgattatgtatcctggtaccaacagctcccaggaacggcccccaaact cctcatctataggaatgatcagcggccctcaggggtccctgaccgattctctggctccaagtctggcacc tcagcctccctggccatcagtgggctccggtccgaggatgaggctgattattactgtgtagcatgggatg acagcctgagtggttatgtcttcggaagtgggaccaaggtcaccgtcctaggt 090-Light chain variable region (amino acid sequence) [SEQ ID No. 178] QPVLTQPPSASGTPGQRVTISCSGSSSNIGSDYVSWYQQLPGTAPKLLIYRNDQRPSGVPDRFSGSKSGT SASLAISGLRSEDEADYYCVAWDDSLSGYVFGSGTKVTVLG 090-Heavy chain variable region (DNA sequence) [SEQ ID No. 179] gaggtgcagctggtggagtctggcccaggactggtgaagccttcacagaccctgtccctcacctgcactg tctctggtggctccatcagcagtggtggttactactggagctggatccgccagcacccagggaagggcct ggagtggattgggtacatctattacagtgggagcacctactacaacccgtccctcaagagtcgagttacc atatcagtagacacgtccaagaaccagttctccctgaagctgagctctgtgaccgctgcggacaccgcca tgtattactgtgcgcgcggtggtctgtactggacttactctcaggatgtttggggtcaaggtactctggt gaccgtctcctca 090-Heavy chain variable region (Amino acid sequence) [SEQ ID No. 180] EVQLVESGPGLVKPSQTLSLTCTVSGGSISSGGYYWSWIRQHPGKGLEWIGYIYYSGSTYYNPSLKSRVT ISVDTSKNQFSLKLSSVTAADTAMYYCARGGLYWTYSQDVWGQGTLVTVSS 7) Antibody ROR2 clone #093 093-Kappa light chain variable region (DNA sequence) [SEQ ID No. 181] gaaattgtgatgacgcagtctccagccaccctgtctttgtctccaggggaaagagccaccctctcctgcg gggccagtcagagtgttagcagcagctacttagcctggtaccagcagaaacctggcctggcgcccaggct cctcatctatgatacatccagaagggccactggcatcccagacaggttcagtggcagtgggtctgggaca gacttcactctcaccatcagcagactggagccggaagattttgcagtgtattactgtcttcactatggtc gctcacctccggtcactttcggcggagggaccaaggtggagatcaaacgt 093-Kappa light chain variable region (amino acid sequence) [SEQ ID No. 182] EIVMTQSPATLSLSPGERATLSCGASQSVSSSYLAWYQQKPGLAPALLIYDTSRRATGIPDRFSGSGSGT DFTLTISRLEPEDFAVYYCLHYGRSPPVTFGGGTKVEIKR 093-Heavy chain variable region (DNA sequence) [SEQ ID No. 183] Cagatgcagctggtgcagtctgggggaggcgtggtccagcctgggaggtccctgagactctcctgtgcag cctctggattcaccttcagtaactatgacatgcactgggtccgccgggctccaggcaaggggctggagtg ggtggcagttatatcatatgatggaagtaataattactatgcagactccgtgaagggccgattcaccatc tccagagacaattccaagaacacgctgtatctgcaaatgaacagcctgagagctgaggacacggccgtgt attactgtgcgcgctcttctgcttgggttggtggtggtttcctgtctggtactgatgactggggtcaagg tactctggtgaccgtctcctca 093-Heavy chain variable region (amino acid sequence) [SEQ ID No. 184] QMQLVQSGGGVVQPGRSLRLSCAASGFTFSNYDMHWVRRAPGKGLEWVAVISYDGSNNYYADSVKGRFTI SRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARSSAWVGGGFLSGTDDWGQGTLVTVSS 8) Antibody ROR2 clone #096 096-Light chain variable region (DNA sequence) [SEQ ID No. 185] gaaattgtgctgactcagtctccactctccctgcccgtcacccttggacagccggcctccatctcctgca ggtctagtcaaagcctcgcatacagtgatggaaacacctacttgaattggtttcaccagaggccaggcca atctccaaggcgcctaatctataaggtttctaagcgggactctggggtcccagacagattcagcggcagt gggtcaggcactgatttcacactgagaatcagcagggtggaggctgaggatgttgggatttattactgca tgcaaggtacacactggcctcacactttcggccctgggaccaaagtggatatcaaacgt 096-Light chain variable region (amino acid sequence) [SEQ ID No. 186] EIVLTQSPLSLPVTLGQPASISCRSSQSLAYSDGNTYLNWFHQRPGQSPRRLIYKVSKRDSGVPDRFSGS GSGTDFTLRISRVEAEDVGIYYCMQGTHWPHTFGPGTKVDIKR 096-Heavy chain variable region (DNA sequence) [SEQ ID No. 187] Gaagtgcagctggtgcagtctgggggaggcttggtccagcctggagggtccctgagactctcctgtgcag cctctggattcagcctcaatgactattacatggactgggtccgccaggctccaggggaggggctggagtg ggttggccgtattagagacaaagctcacggtgacaccacagaatacatcgcgtctgtgaaagacagattt atcgtctcaagagatgactccaagaactcactgtatctgcaaatgaacagcctgaaaaccgaggacaccg ccatgtattactgtgcgcgctgggttgacgactaccagggttactggatctggtcttaccacgatttctg gggtcaaggtactctggtgaccgtctcctca 096-Heavy chain variable region (amino acid sequence) [SEQ ID No. 188] EVQLVQSGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFSLNDYYMDWVRQAPGEGLEWVGRIRDKAHGDTTEYIASVKDRF IVSRDDSKNSLYLQMNSLKTEDTAMYYCARWVDDYQGYWIWSYHDFWGQGTLVTVSS 9) Antibody ROR2 clone #121 121-Light chain variable region (DNA sequence) [SEQ ID No. 189] tcctatgtgctgactcagccaccctcagtgtccgtgtccccaggacagacagccagcgtcacctgttctg gatatagattgagagagaagtatgtttcctggtatcaacagaggccaggccactcccctgtcttggtcat ctatgaagatactaagaggccttcagggatccctgagcgattctctggctccaattctggggacacagcc actctgaccatcagagggacccaggctatagatgaggctgactattactgtcaggcgtgggacagcagcg tgattttcggcggagggaccaagctgaccgtcctaggt 121-Light chain variable region (amino acid sequence) [SEQ ID No. 190] SYVLTQPPSVSVSPGQTASVTCSGYRLREKYVSWYQQRPGHSPVLVIYEDTKRPSGIPERFSGSNSGDTA TLTIRGTQAIDEADYYCQAWDSSVIFGGGTKLTVLG 121-Heavy chain variable region (DNA sequence) [SEQ ID No. 191] caggtgcagctggtgcagtctgggggaggcttggtacagcctggggggtccctgagactctcctgtgcag ccactggattcacctttagcagctatgccatgagttgggtccgccaggctccagggaaggggctggagtg ggtctcagttattagtggtagtggtggtagcacatactacgcagactccgtgaagggccggttcaccatc tccagagacaattccaagaacacgttgtatctgcaaatgaacagcctgagagccgacgacactgccgtgt attactgtgcgcgccattactactcttctgattcttggggtcaaggtactctggtgaccgtctcctca 121-Heavy chain variable region (amino acid sequence) [SEQ ID No. 192] QVQLVQSGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAATGFTFSSYAMSWVRQAPGKGLEWVSVISGSGGSTYYADSVKGRFTI SRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRADDTAVYYCARHYYSSDSWGQGTLVTVSS 10) Antibody ROR2 clone #159 159-Light chain variable region (DNA sequence) [SEQ ID No. 193] caatctgccctgactcagcctgcctccgtgtctgggtctcctggacagtcgatcaccatctcctgcactg gaaccagcagtgacgttggtggttataactatgtctcttggtaccaacagcacccaggcaaagcccccaa attcatgatttatgatgtcagtaagcggccctcaggtgtttctaatcgcttctctggctccaagtctggc aacacggcctccctgaccatctctgggctccaggctgaggacgaggctgattattactgcggctcattta caagcagcatcacttatgtcttcggaactgggaccaaggtcaccgtcctaggt 159-Light chain variable region (amino acid sequence) [SEQ ID No. 194] QSALTQPASVSGSPGQSITISCTGTSSDVGGYNYVSWYQQHPGKAPKFMIYDVSKRPSGVSNRFSGSKSG NTASLTISGLQAEDEADYYCGSFTSSITYVFGTGTKVTVLG 159-Heavy chain variable region (DNA sequence) [SEQ ID No. 195] cagatgcagctggtgcagtctggggctgaggtgaagaagcctggggcctcagtgaaggtttcctgcaagg catctggatacaccttcaccagctactatatgcactgggtgcgacaggcccctggacaagggcttgagtg gatgggaataatcaaccctagtggtggtagcacaagctacgcacagaagttccagggcagagtcaccatg accagggacacgtccacgagcacagtctacatggagctgagcagcctgagatctgaggacactgccgtgt attactgtgcgcgcggtggttacactggttggtctccgtctgatccgtggggtcaaggtactctggtgac cgtctcctca 159-Light chain variable region (amino acid sequence) [SEQ ID No. 196] QMQLVQSGAEVKKPGASVKVSCKASGYTFTSYYMHWVRQAPGQGLEWMGIINPSGGSTSYAQKFQGRVTM TRDTSTSTVYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARGGYTGWSPSDPWGQGTLVTVSS 11) Antibody ROR2 clone #173 173-Lambda light chain variable region (DNA sequence) [SEQ ID No. 197] Cagtctgtgttgactcagccaccctcagtgtcagtggccccaggaaagacggccaggattacctgtggtg gagacaacattggacgtaaaagtgtgcactggtaccagcagaagccaggccaggcccctgtgctggtcat ctattatgatagcgaccggccctcagggatccctgagcgattctctggctccacctctgggaacacggcc accctgaccatcagtagggtcgaagccggggatgaggccgactattactgtcaggtgtgggatcgtagta gtgacctttatgtcttcggaactgggaccaaggtcaccgtcctaggt 173-Lambda light chain variable region (amino acid sequence) [SEQ ID No. 198] QSVLTQPPSVSVAPGKTARITCGGDNIGRKSVHWYQQKPGQAPVLVIYYDSDRPSGIPERFSGSTSGNTA TLTISRVEAGDEADYYCQVWDRSSDLYVFGTGTKVTVLG 173-Heavy chain variable region (DNA acid sequence) [SEQ ID No. 199] Caggtgcagctggtgcagtctggggctgaggtgaagaagcctggggcctcagtgaaggtctcctgcaagg cttctggttacacctttaccagctatggtatcagctgggtgcgacaggcccctggacaagggcttgagtg gatgggatggatcagcgcttacaatggtaacacaaactatgcacagaagctccagggcagagtcaccatg accacagacacatccacgagcacagcctacatggagctgaggagcctgagatctgacgacacggctgtgt attactgtgcgcgccatctgggtccgatgggtatgtacgactggtctttcgataaatggggtcaaggtac tctggtgaccgtctcctca 173-Heavy chain variable region (amino acid sequence) [SEQ ID No. 200] QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGASVKVSCKASGYTFTSYGISWVRQAPGQGLEWMGWISAYNGNTNYAQKLQGRVTM TTDTSTSTAYMELRSLRSDDTAVYYCARHLGPMGMYDWSFDKWGQGTLVTVSS 12) Antibody ROR2 clone #240 240-Light chain variable region (DNA acid sequence) [SEQ ID No. 201] caatctgccctgactcagcctgcctccgtgtctgggtctcctggacagtcgatcaccatctcctgcactg gaaccagcggtgacgttggcggttataactatgtctcctggtaccaacaccacccaggcaaagcccccaa actcataatttatgatgtcaataagcggccctcaggtttttctgatcggttctctggctccaagtctggc aacacggcctccctgacaatctctgggctccaggctgaggacgaggctgattattactgcagctcatata caagcaccagcaccgtcttcggcggagggaccaagctgaccgtcctaggt 240-Light chain variable region (amino acid sequence) [SEQ ID No. 202] QSALTQPASVSGSPGQSITISCTGTSGDVGGYNYVSWYQHHPGKAPKLITYDVNKRPSGESDRFSGSKSG NTASLTISGLQAEDEADYYCSSYTSTSTVFGGGTKLTVLG 240-Heavy chain variable region (DNA acid sequence) [SEQ ID No. 203] cagatcaccttgaaggagtctggtcctgagctggtgaaacccacacagaccctcacactgacctgcacct tttctgggttctcactcagcactagtggaatgtctgtgagctggatccgtcagcccccagggaaggccct ggagtggcttgcacgcattgattgggatgatgataaatactacagcacatctctgaagaccaggctcacc atctccaaggacacctccaaaaaccaggtggtccttacaatgaccaacacggaccctgtggacacagcca cgtattactgtgcgcgcggtttctacctggcttacggttcttacgattcttggggtcaaggtactctggt gaccgtctcctca 240-Heavy chain variable region (amino acid sequence) [SEQ ID No. 204] QITLKESGPELVKPTQTLTLTCTFSGFSLSTSGMSVSWIRQPPGKALEWLARIDWDDDKYYSTSLKTRLT ISKDTSKNQVVLTMTNTDPVDTATYYCARGFYLAYGSYDSWGQGTLVTVSS 13) Antibody ROR2 clone #241 241-Light chain variable region (DNA acid sequence) [SEQ ID No. 205] tcctatgagctgactcagccactctcagtgtcagtggccctgggacagacggccaggattacctgtgggg gaaacaacattggaagtaaaaatgtgcactggtaccagcagaagccaggccaggcccctgtgctggtcat ctatagggatagcaaccggccctctgggatccctgagcgattctctggctccaactcggggaacacggcc accctgaccatcagcagagcccaagccggggatgaggctgactattactgtcaggtgtgggacagcagta ttgtggtattcggcggagggaccaagctgaccgtcctaggt 241-Light chain variable region (amino acid sequence) [SEQ ID No. 206] SYELTQPLSVSVALGQTARITCGGNNIGSKNVHWYQQKPGQAPVLVIYRDSNRPSGIPERFSGSNSGNTA TLTISRAQAGDEADYYCQVWDSSIVVFGGGTKLTVLG 241-Heavy chain variable region (DNA acid sequence) [SEQ ID No. 207] Gaagtgcagctggtgcagtctggggctgaggtgaagaagcctggggcctcagtgaaggtttcctgcaagg catctggatacaccttcaccaattactatatacactgggtgcgacaggcccctggacaagggcttgagtg gatgggaataatcaaccctacaagtggtaggacaaggtacgcacagaggttccagggcagagtcaccatg accagggacacgtccacgaacacagtctacatggacctgagcagcctgagatctgaagacaccgccatgt attactgtgcgcgctctggttactactggggtgttaacggtgatcagtggggtcaaggtactctggtgac cgtctcctca 241-Heavy chain variable region (amino acid sequence) [SEQ ID No. 208] EVQLVQSGAEVKKPGASVKVSCKASGYTFTNYYIHWVRQAPGQGLEWMGIINPTSGRTRYAQRFQGRVTM TRDTSTNTVYMDLSSLRSEDTAMYYCARSGYYWGVNGDQWGQGTLVTVSS

TABLE 5 The amino acid sequence of the conserved CDR motifs of anti-ROR₂ clones HCDR₁ HCDR2 HCDR₃ LCDR₁ LCDR₂ LCDR₃ (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID Antibody No. in No. in No. in No. in No. in No. in clone # parenthesis) parenthesis) parenthesis) parenthesis) parenthesis) parenthesis) ROR2-16 GYTFTDYY MNPNS ARNSEWHP SLRSYY GKN (9) NSRDSSG (1) GNS (3) WGYYDY (5) (7) NHLV (11) ROR2-23 GYRFSKYW IYPGDS ARSFSSFIYD QSVSSN GAS (21) QQYGRSP (13) DT (15) Y (17) (19) LT (23) ROR2-24 GYSFSNYW IYPDDS VRPRGAFDI QGVGIN DAS (33) QQYYSFP (25) DT (27) (29) (31) WT (35) ROR2-27 GYSFSNYW IYPDDS VRPRGAFDI SSNIGAG DNA (45) GTWDDSP (37) DT (39) (41) HA (43) SAYV (47) ROR2-84 GFTFSSYW IKQDGS ARGSFSYDSD QSLVHSD ICVS (57) MQTTHW (49) EK (51) L (53) GNTY (55) PPT (59) ROR2-90 GGSISSGGY IYYSGST ARGGLYWTY SSNIGSD RND VAWDDSL Y (61) (63) SQDV (65) Y (67) (69) SGYV (71) ROR2-93 GFTFSNYD ISYDGS ARSSAWVGG QSVSSSY DTS (81) LHYGRSPP (73) NN (75) GFLSGTDD (79) VT (83) (77) ROR2-96 GFSLNDYY IRDKAH ARWVDDYQ QSLAYSD KVS (93) MQGTHW (85) GMT GYWIWSYHD GNTY PHT (95) (87) F (89) (91) ROR2-121 GFTFSSYA ISGSGGS ARHYYSSDS RLREICY EDT QAWDSSV (97) T (99) (101) (103) (105) I (107) ROR2-159 GYTFTSYY INPSGG ARGGYTGWS SSDVGGY DVS GSFTSSITY (109) ST (111) PSDP (113) NY (115) (117) V (119) ROR2-173 GYTFTSYG ISAYNG ARHLGPMG NIGRKS YDS QVWDRSS (121) NT (123) MYDWSFDK (127) (129) DLYV (131) (125) ROR2240- GFSLSTSGM IDWDD ARGFYLAYGS SGDVGGY DVN SSYTSTST S (133) DK (135) YDS (137) NY (139) (141) V (143) ROR2-241 GYTFTNYY INPTSG ARSGYYWGV NIGSICN RDS QVWDSSI (145) RT (147) NGDQ (149) (151) (153) VV (155)

TABLE 6 The DNA sequence of the conserved CDR motifs of anti-ROR₂ clones HCDR₁ HCDR₂ HCDR₃ LCDR₁ LCDR₂ LCDR₃ (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID Antibody No. in No. in No. in No. in No. in No. in clone # parenthesis) parenthesis) parenthesis) parenthesis) parenthesis) parenthesis) ROR2-16 ggatacac Atgaacccta Gcgcgcaactct Agcctcagaag Ggtaa Aactcccgggacag cttcaccga acagtggga gaatggcatccgt ctattat (8) aaac cagtggtaaccatct ctactat actca (4) ggggttactacga (10) ggta (12) (2) ttac (6) ROR2-23 Ggatacag Atctatcctg Gcgcgctctttct Cagagtgttag Ggtgc Cagcagtatggtag gttcagcaa gtgactctga cttctttcatctac cagcaac gtct gtcaccgctcact gtactgg tacc (16) gattac (18) (20) (22) (24) (14) ROR2-24 Ggatacag Atctatcctg Gtgcgccctagg Cagggtgttgg Gatgc Cagcaatactatagt ctttagcaa atgactctga ggggcttttgatat catcaac (32) atcc tttccgtggacg ctactgg tacc (28) c(30) (34) (36) (26) ROR2-27 Ggatacag Atctatcctg Gtgcgccctagg Agctccaacat Gataa Ggaacatgggatga ctttagcaa atgactctga ggggcttttgatat cggggcaggtc cgcc cagcccgagtgctta ctactgg tacc (40) c (42) atgct (44) (46) tgtc (48) (38) ROR2-84 Ggattcac Ataaagcaa Gcgcgcggttctt Caaagcctcgt Aaagtt Atgcaaaccacaca ctttagtag gatggaagtg tctcttacgacagt tcacagtgatg tct ctggcctccgacg ctattgg agaaa (52) gatctg (54) gaaacacctac (58) (6o) (50) (56) ROR2-90 Ggtggctc Atctattaca Gcgcgcggtggt Agctccaacat Aggaa Gtagcatgggatga catcagca gtgggagcac ctgtactggactt cgggagtgatt tgat cagcctgagtggttat gtggtggtt c (64) actctcaggatgt at (68) (70) gtc(72) actac t (66) (62) ROR2-93 Ggattcac Atatcatatg Gcgcgctcttctg Cagagtgttag Gatac Cttcactatggtcgct cttcagtaa atggaagtaa cttgggttggtggt cagcagctac atcc cacctccggtcact ctatgac taat (76) ggtttcctgtctgg (80) (82) (84) (74) tactgatgac (78) ROR2-96 Ggattcag Attagagac Gcgcgctgggtt Caaagcctcgc Aaggtt Atgcaaggtacaca cctcaatga aaagctcacg gacgactaccag atacagtgatg tct ctggcctcacact ctattac gtgacaccac ggttactggatct gaaacacctac (94) (96) (86) a (88) ggtataccacga (92) tttc (90) ROR2-121 Ggattcac Attagtggta Gcgcgccattact Agattgagaga Gaaga Caggcgtgggacag ctttagcag gtggtggtag actcttctgattct gaagtat tact cagcgtgatt (108) ctatgcc caca (100) (102) (104) (106) (98) ROR2-159 Ggatacac Atcaacccta Gcgcgcggtggt Agcagtgacgt Gatgtc Ggctcattlacaagc cttcaccag gtggtggtag tacactggttggt tggtggttataa agt agcatcacttatgtc ctactat caca (112) ctccgtctgatcc ctat (116) (118) (120) (110) g (114) ROR2-173 Ggttacac Atcagcgctt Gcgcgccatctg Aacattggacg Tatgat Caggtgtgggatcgt ctttaccag acaatggtaa ggtccgatgggta taaaagt agc agtagtgacctttatg ctatggt caca (124) tgtacgactggtc (128) (130) tc (132) (122) tttcgataaa (126) ROR2-240 Gggttctc Attgattggg Gcgcgcggtttct Agcggtgacgt Gatgtc Agctcatatacaagc actcagca atgatgataa acctggcttacgg tggcggttataa aat accagcaccgtc ctagtgga a (136) ttcttacgattct ctat (140) (142) (144) atgtct (138) (134) ROR2-241 Ggatacac Atcaacccta Gcgcgctctggtt Aacattggaag Aggga Caggtgtgggacag cttcaccaa caagtggtag actactggggtgt taaaaat tagc cagtattgtggta ttactat gaca (148) taacggtgatcag (152) (154) (156) (146) (150)

Example 3—Engineering Full Length Monoclonal Antibodies Using the Selected scFv Fragments

Although the phage display technology allows for the rapid selection and production of antigen-specific scFv fragments, the complete mAbs with Fc domains have a number of advantages over the scFv. First, only Fc carrying antibodies exert immunological functions, such as complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Second, bivalent monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) offer stronger antigen-binding avidity than monomeric Fab or scFv Abs. Third, plasma half-life and renal clearance is much faster for Fab or scFv compared to full length IgG. Fourth, bivalent mAb may be internalized at a faster rate compared to that of the corresponding univalent Fab or scFv. Although alpha emitters conjugated to the Fc region may not need to be internalized to kill the targets, many drugs and toxins will benefit from internalization of the immune complex.

Based on the affinity ranking result obtained through competitive ELISA (see Table 4) and the cell-surface binding against ROR2 positive cancer cell line determined using flow cytometry, five phage display clones with high ROR2 binding affinity that specifically recognize ROR2 were selected. The scFv of these selected clones were reconstructed into full-length human IgG1 recombinant antibodies and characterized further.

The selected scFv were converted into full length monoclonal IgG using HEK293 cells using the method of Tomomatsu et al⁵⁷. Antibody variable regions were subcloned into the mammalian expression vectors shown in FIGS. 9a and 9b together with matching Kappa or lambda light chain constant and IgG1 subclass Fc using conventional techniques known in the art. et al

The polypeptide sequence of one embodiment of the lambda light chain constant region of hIgG1 is provided herein as SEQ ID No. 209, as follows:

[SEQ ID No. 209] QPKANPTVTLFPPSSEELQANKATLVCLISDFYPGAVTVAWKADGSPVK AGVETTKPSKQSNNKYAASSYLSLTPEQWKSHRSYSCQVTHEGSTVEKT VAPTECS

The coding sequence encoding one embodiment of the lambda light chain constant region of hIgG1 is provided herein as SEQ ID No. 210, as follows:

[SEQ ID No. 210] Cagcctaaggccaaccctaccgtgaccctgttccccccatcctccgagga actgcaggccaacaaggccaccctcgtgtgcctgatctccgacttctacc ctggcgccgtgaccgtggcctggaaggctgatggatctcctgtgaaggcc ggcgtggaaaccaccaagccctccaagcagtccaacaacaaatacgccgc ctcctcctacctgtccctgacccctgagcagtggaagtcccaccggtcct acagctgccaagtgacccacgagggctccaccgtggaaaagaccgtggct cctaccgagtgctcctag

The polypeptide sequence of one embodiment of the kappa light chain constant region of hIgG1 is provided herein as SEQ ID No. 211, as follows:

[SEQ ID No. 211]

The coding sequence encoding one embodiment of the kappa light chain constant region of hIgG1 is provided herein as SEQ ID No. 212, as follows:

[SEQ ID No. 212]

The polypeptide sequence of one embodiment of the heavy chain constant region of hIgG1 is provided herein as SEQ ID No. 213, as follows:

[SEQ ID No. 213]

The coding sequence encoding one embodiment of the heavy chain constant region of hIgG1 is provided herein as SEQ ID No. 214, as follows:

[SEQ ID No. 214]

Purified full length IgG1 antibodies exhibit the expected molecular weight under both reducing and non-reducing conditions (see FIG. 10). Kinetic binding analysis confirmed specific binding of full length IgG1 antibodies to human ROR2-ECD, with an equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) in the picomolar range (see Table 7).

TABLE 7 Association constant, dissociation constant and equilibrium dissociation constant of full length ROR2 antibodies Clone Ka (1/Ms) Kd (1/S) KD (M) ROR2-23 2.634E+6 4.325E−4 1.642E−10 ROR2-27 8.511E+5 6.085E−4 7.150E−10 ROR2-90 1.025E+6 1.669E−4 1.629E−10 ROR2-240 7.059E+5 4.445E−5 6.297E−11 ROR2-241 1.736E+6 5.384E−4 3.102E−10

Example 4—Epitope Mapping of the Full Length ROR2-Specific IgG1 Monoclonal Antibodies

To better understand the structural basis of the ROR2-specific antibody as a drug candidate, a standard epitope mapping was performed by ELISA against a ROR2 peptide array. The peptide array covers the whole length of the ROR2 protein through 96 overlapping peptides (11 amino acids each with 4 amino acids worth of space between them). The peptides were biotinlyated at the N-terminal to immobilize them onto streptavidin ELISA plates. A spacer (SGSG) was used to provide flexibility. The space was inserted at the N-terminal biotin-SGSG-15 amino acids. ELISA assays were performed with the full length ROR2 antibodies as the primary antibody and an anti-human Fc AP-conjugated antibody was used for detection. An ELISA example is shown in Figure ii, antibody #90 binds to a linear epitope KTITATGVLFVRLGP (SEQ ID No. 228). FIG. 12 indicates the epitope position in ROR2 primary structure. This sequence is not shared by ROR1 and not found in human proteins by PBLAST.

Example 5—Binding Properties of the Full Length ROR2-Specific IgG1 Monoclonal Antibodies

Binding specificity of the five purified full length IgG1 antibodies (ROR2-23, ROR2-27, ROR2-90, ROR2-240 and ROR2-241) was confirmed by ELISA. ELISA assays were carried out as follows: 20 ng of ROR2 ECD recombinant protein were coated onto 96-well ELISA plates overnight at 4° C. Full length anti-ROR2 IgG1s were incubated at different dilutions in the antigen wells for 1 hour at room temperature. Bound IgG1s were detected with anti-human Fc-HRP antibody (1:10,000, BD Biosciences). The 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) substrate (Sigma-Aldrich) was added and the reaction was read at 490 nm. These ELISAs confirmed that the full length antibodies also bind to ROR2 ECD (see FIG. 13). These full length antibodies were stable after multiple freeze-and-thaw cycles (F&T), demonstrated by ROR2 ECD ELISA (see FIG. 13).

Binding of the hIgG1 mAbs to the cell surface ROR2 was determined by flow cytometry using the ROR2 positive human erythroleukemic cancer cell line, K562. The full length antibodies recognized ROR2 expressed on the surface of K562 (see FIG. 14).

Example 6—Binding Intensity of the Full Length ROR2-Specific IgG1 Monoclonal Antibodies

Human tumour cell lines were authenticated using short tandem repeat (STR) analysis. They were cultured in RPMI1640 (Cellgro) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Life Technologies) at 37° C. in a 5% CO₂ humidified incubator. They were harvested, washed in PBS and reacted with ROR2-IgG at 1 ug/10⁶ tumour cells on ice for an hour. #901-IgG was used as a negative control at the same dose. After washing, a secondary PE-conjugated goat anti-human IgG, Fcγ fragment specific (1:100, Jackson ImmunoResearch) was added for another 30 min incubation. Staining was analyzed on a FACSCalibur (BD Biosciences). ROR2 (full length) antibody binding towards multiple cancer cell lines were compared with Rituxan and Herceptin antibodies. The cancer cell lines were derived from breast cancer, colorectal cancer, mesothelioma, hepatocellular carcinoma, ovarian cancer, osteosarcoma, neuroblastoma, etc. ROR2 #90 antibody could recognize most of the tumour cells tested, and in some cases, the binding intensity was higher than Herceptin (see Tables 8 to 10).

TABLE 8 Antibody binding intensity against various carcinoma cell lines ROR2 ROR2 ROR2 ROR2 ROR2 Name of cell line Tumor Rituxan 23 27 90 240 241 Herceptin HTB132 breast CA 5 5 8 5 4 45 6 HTB26 (MDA-MB-231) breast CA 5 11 7 19 4 23 77 AU565 breast CA 5 102 8 211 4 83 3817 SKBR3 breast CA 5 48 15 98 5 27 1231 HTB27 breast CA 5 58 11 125 7 24 1448 MCF7 breast CA 5 52 27 115 3 21 177 MCF7-Luc breast CA 5 111 74 190 39 42 296 CCL-227 SW620 CRC 5 26 61 HTB37-Caco2 CRC 5 37 13 91 6 24 268 COLO 205 CRC 5 26 7 44 4 24 304 SKHEP-1 HCC 5 42 23 74 21 53 88 HEP G2 HCC 5 30 11 49 4 36 255 NCI-H2052 mesothelioma 5 65 46 101 8 43 71 OVCAR3 ovarian CA 5 35 7 48 4 22 146 SKOV3 ovarian CA 5 116 36 246 5 42 2005

TABLE 9 Antibody binding intensity against various sarcoma cell lines ROR2 ROR2 ROR2 ROR2 ROR2 Name of cell line Tumor Rituxan 23 27 90 240 241 Herceptin OUMS 27 chondrosarcoma 5 71 48 78 6 53 64 JN DSRCT DSRCT 5 50 5 84 3 27 236 CHP100 EW/PNET 5 30 18 57 7 16 87 TC32 EW/PNET 6 37 20 70 4 17 125 TC71 EW/PNET 5 46 21 68 10 12 91 SKES-1 EW/PNET 5 22 12 28 5 12 146 U2OS osteosarcoma 5 52 29 94 39 60 90 CRL1427 osteosarcoma 5 30 11 45 4 54 108 RG187 osteosarcoma 5 44 19 79 4 29 240

TABLE 10 Antibody binding intensity against various cancerous cells ROR2 ROR2 ROR2 ROR2 ROR2 Name of cell line Tumor Rituxan 23 27 90 240 241 Herceptin U251 LUC Glioma 5 14 9 27 5 120 94 SKMEL-5 melanoma 5 7 2 8 1 5 21 M14 melanoma 5 9 5 17 4 12 57 SKMEL28 melanoma 5 20 8 26 4 20 147 HTB63 melanoma 5 16 8 27 5 16 156 OCM1 melanoma 5 10 6 18 3 19 66 LAN-1 neuroblastoma 5 34 28 48 37 68 2 BE(2)S neuroblastoma 5 26 21 40 26 58 4 IMR32 neuroblastoma 5 24 16 51 29 50 5 BE(1)N neuroblastoma 5 273 244 302 279 352 2 SKNSH neuroblastoma 5 170 8 105 113 141 174 SKNMM neuroblastoma 6 77 69 117 84 126 7 SKNJB neuroblastoma 5 182 141 254 199 238 20 NMB7 neuroblastoma 5 35 23 47 33 58 12 NB5 neuroblastoma 5 32 20 47 17 56 88 H345 SCLC 5 34 26 48 36 49 6 H69 SCLC 4 9 24 15 9 131 10 H524 SCLC 5 28 16 20 7 32 14

Example 7—Engineering of Bispecific Antibodies (BsAb Antibody)

Bispecific antibodies (BsAb) are single-chain bispecific antibodies comprising ROR2 specific antibodies in the scFv format, at the N-terminal end and an anti-human CD3ε scFv mouse monoclonal antibody at the C-terminal end.⁵⁸ The DNA fragments coding for the ROR2 scFv antibody and the anti-human CD3ε scFv antibody (SEQ ID No. 220) were synthesized by Genewiz and subcloned into Eureka's mammalian expression vector pGSN-Hyg using standard DNA technology. A hexhistamine tag is inserted downstream of the ROR2 BsAb antibodies at the C-terminal end for antibody purification and detection. HEK293 cells were transfected with the ROR2 BsAb expression vector. HEK293 cell supernatants containing secreted ROR2 BsAb molecules were collected. ROR2 BsAb was purified using HisTrap HP column (GE healthcare) by FPLC AKTA system. Briefly, CHO cell culture was clarified and loaded to the column with low imidazole concentration (20 mM), and then an isocratic high imidazole concentration elution buffer (500 mM) was used to elute the bound ROR2 BsAb proteins. Molecular weight of the purified ROR2 BsAb antibodies were measured under non-reducing conditions by electrophoresis (see FIG. 15).

The following is an example of the sequences used to engineer a ROR2 Antibody BsAb sequence using clone #241 and an anti-human CD3ε scFv antibody (see tables 3 and 4, and Example 2 above).

The BsAb antibody comprises the light chain variable region of antibody clone #241 (SEQ ID No. 206) joined to the N-terminus of linker 1 (SEQ ID No. 216). The C-terminus of linker 1 is joined to the N-terminus of the heavy chain variable region of antibody clone #241 (SEQ ID No. 208). The C-terminus of the heavy chain variable region of antibody clone #241 is joined to the N-terminus of linker 2 (SEQ ID No. 218). The C-terminus of linker 2 is joined to the N-terminus of anti-human CD3ε scFv, which has a His tag at its C-terminus (SEQ ID No. 220). The full polypeptide sequence of one embodiment of the BsAb antibody is provided herein as SEQ ID No. 215, as follows:

[SEQ ID No. 215] SYELTQPLSVSVALGQTARITCGGNNIGSKNVHWYQQKPGQAPVLVIYRDSNRPSGIPERFSGSNSGNTA

KPGASVKVSCKASGYTFTNYYIHWVRQAPGQGLEWMGIINPTSGRTRYAQRFQGRVTMTRDTSTNTVYMD LSSLRSEDTAMYYCARSGYYWGVNGDQWGQGTLVTVSSGGGGSDVQLVQSGAEVKKPGASVKVSCKASGY TFTRYTMHWVRQAPGQGLEWIGYINPSRGYTNYADSVKGRFTITTDKSTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTATYYCA RYYDDHYCLDYWGQGTTVTVSSGEGTSTGSGGSGGSGGADDIVLTQSPATLSLSPGERATLSCRASQSVS YMNWYQQKPGKAPKRWIYDTSKVASGVPARFSGSGSGTDYSLTINSLEAEDAATYYCQQWSSNPLTFGGG TKVEIKHHHHHH

The polypeptide sequence of one embodiment of linker 1 is provided herein as SEQ ID No. 216, as follows:

[SEQ ID No. 216]

The coding sequence encoding one embodiment of linker 1 is provided herein as SEQ ID No. 217, as follows:

[SEQ ID No. 217]

The polypeptide sequence of one embodiment of the heavy chain of the Ror2 antibody clone #241 is provided above as SEQ ID No. 208. The coding sequence encoding one embodiment of the heavy chain of the Ror2 antibody clone #241 is provided above as SEQ ID No. 207.

The polypeptide sequence of one embodiment of linker 2 is provided herein as SEQ ID No. 218, as follows:

[SEQ ID No. 218] GGGGS

The coding sequence encoding one embodiment of linker 2 is provided herein as SEQ ID No. 219, as follows:

[SEQ ID No. 219] ggcgggggaggatcc

The polypeptide sequence of one embodiment of the AntiCD3 scFv-his tag is provided herein as SEQ ID No. 220, as follows:

[SEQ ID No. 220] DVQLVQSGAEVKKPGASVKVSCKASGYTFTRYTMHWVRQAPGQGLEWIGY INPSRGYTNYADSVKGRFTITTDKSTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTATYYCARYY DDHYCLDYWGQGTTVTVSSGEGTSTGSGGSGGSGGADDIVLTQSPATLSL SPGERATLSCRASQSVSYMNWYQQKPGKAPKRWIYDTSKVASGVPARFSG SGSGTDYSLTINSLEAEDAATYYCQQWSSNPLTFGGGTKVEIKHHHHHH

The coding sequence encoding one embodiment of the AntiCD3 scFv-his tag is provided herein as SEQ ID No. 221, as follows:

[SEQ ID No. 221] gacgtgcagctggtgcagagcggagctgaagtgaagaaacctggcgcctc cgtgaaggtgtcctgcaaagctagcggctataccttcacccggtacacca tgcactgggtgcgccaggcacctggacagggactggaatggatcggctac atcaacccctcccggggctacaccaactacgccgactctgtgaagggccg gttcaccatcaccaccgataagtccaccagcaccgcttacatggaactgt cctccctgagatccgaggacaccgctacctactattgcgcccggtactac gacgaccactactgcctggactactggggacagggaaccacagtgaccgt gtcctctggcgagggcacctctactggatctgggggaagtggtggttctg gcggcgctgacgacatcgtgctgacccagtctccagccaccctgtctctg agcccaggcgagagagctaccctgtcctgcagagcctcccagtccgtgtc ctacatgaattggtatcagcagaagcctggcaaggcccctaagcggtgga tctacgacacctccaaggtggcctctggcgtgccagcccggttttccgga tctggctctggcaccgactactccctgaccatcaacagcctggaagccga ggacgctgccacctattactgccagcagtggtcctccaaccccctgacct ttggaggcggcaccaaggtggaaatcaagcaccaccatcatcaccactga

Example 8—In Vitro T Cell Killing Assay in the Presence of ROR2 BsAb

Full length ROR2 BsAb antibodies killed cancer cells in a ROR2-dependent manner. Tumour cytotoxicity was assayed by ⁵¹Cr release as previously described (Cheng M, Ahmed M, Xu H, Cheung N K. Structural design of disialoganglioside GD2 and CD3-bispecific antibodies to redirect T cells for tumor therapy. Int J Cancer. 2014.), and EC50 was calculated using SigmaPlot software. Effector T cells were purified from human PBMC using Pan T cell isolation kit, and then activated and expanded with CD3/CD28 Dynabeads (Invitrogen) according to manufacturer's protocol. Activated T cells (ATC) were cultured and maintained in F10 medium plus 30 U/ml IL-2, and used at day 14-21. CD3+ T cells were above 99% by FACS analysis. The antibodies killed multiple ROR2 positive cancer cell lines (U2OS, BE(1)N, LAN-1 and AU565) efficiently in the in vitro T cell killing assays, but none of the ROR2 BsAb antibodies killed the ROR2 negative cancer cell line M14 (see FIGS. 16-20).

Example 9—In Vivo Human Neuroblastoma and Human Breast Cancer Mouse Xenograft Models to Test ROR2 BsAb (SSK)

Full length ROR2 BsAb antibodies were tested in vivo against the breast cancer model, MCF7, and the neuroblastoma model, SKBE(2)S, xenografted in immune deficient mice, BALB-Rag2-KO/IL-2R-γc-KO (DKO for double knockout), which can be engrafted with human lymphocytes. In both models, ROR2 BsAb antibodies eliminated the tumor burden in DKO mice very efficiently, see FIGS. 21 and 22 for the results in relation to full length antibody #90. Although MCF7 exhibits low expression of Her2, and the high affinity mAb, Herceptin, fails to kill MCF7 cells in vivo. However, ROR2 antibodies killed MCF7 cancer cells and inhibited the tumor growth (see FIG. 21). Clone #90 was superior to clone #240 in vivo despite it's less favorable Kd.

Example 10—In Vitro Assessment of Retroviral Constructs pMSCV-602-90GA-BBz-ires-EGFP CAR and pMSCV-901scFv-BBz-ires-EGFP CAR

This Example relates to proof-of-concept experiments for ROR2 antibody CAR-T therapy. ROR2 #90 antibody was engineered into chimeric antibody receptor and expressed on the surface of T cells via a retroviral mammalian expression system. The inventors confirmed the expression of ROR2 #90 CAR on the surface of T cells, as shown in FIG. 23. Furthermore, the ROR2 #90 CAR-T cells can kill ROR2 positive cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner, but control 901 CAR-T cells didn't kill cancer cells specifically, as shown in FIG. 24.

1. Transduction Procedure

PG13 (GaLV pseudotyped) packaging cell line was used for transfection of pMSCV plasmids. Human T-cells were used for transduction after 4-day stimulation and expansion with CD3/CD28 beads (Dynabeads®, Invitrogen) in the presence of interleukine-2 at 30 U/ml. Cell free supernatant was filtered and applied on T-cells in Retronectin (Takara) coated 6-well plates at 48 and 72 hours after PG13 virus producer cell line transfection.

2. In Vitro Characterization

Transduction efficiency was assessed by FACS using biotinylated Protein-L (primary) antibody (GeneScript) and PE-conjugated (secondary) antibody (BD Biosciences). Repeat FACS analyses were done at 72 hours and every 3-4 days thereafter. Level of transduction was about 50% for both constructs (see FIG. 23). Of note, detected GFP expression was miniscule (1-3%).

Functional assessment of the transduced T cells was performed using 40-hour ⁵¹Cr release assay. cells transduced with pMSCV 3F8-BBz-CAR served as control effectors. Effector-to-target ratios were 5:1, 10:1, 25:1. Two neuroblastoma cell lines with ROR2 expression were used as targets: SKNMM with 71% ROR2 positivity and SKNSH with 99% positivity by FACS.

Clone#90-CAR T cells exhibited higher level of cytotoxicity against SKNSH as compared to 901 control CAR T cells at E:T ratios 10:1 and 25:1 (see FIG. 26).

Example 11—Investigate ROR2 Expression in Normal Human Tissues

Endogenous ROR2 expression in normal human tissues was investigated using quantitative PCR. Total RNA from normal tissues and normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was isolated using Trizol Reagent (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. One μl of cDNA synthesized from 1 ug of total RNA was used for real-time qPCR using Applied Biosystems (ABI) Sequence Detection System 7300. β2 microglobulin (β2M) was used as the endogenous control, and neuroblastoma cell line NMB7 as the positive control. Gene expression assays were from ABI:ROR2:Hs00896176_ml; and β2M: 4326319E. Each sample was quantified using the ΔΔCT method as a relative fold-difference when compared with normal spleen tissue. Low to medium expression of ROR2 mRNA were detected in testes, ileum and sigmoid colon (see Table 11). ROR2 expression in healthy PBMC was low in all the samples examined using spleen as reference (see Table 12).

TABLE 11 Transcript of ROR2 in human tissues Relative quantitation normalized with B2M Tissue Name SAMPLE CT-ROR2 CT-B2M ROR2 NMB7 - NB cell line 705S 24.23 20.20 86 ILEUM 9396 40.00 26.65 0 PONS 9401 37.11 25.38 0 PANCREAS 9406 34.38 24.07 1 HEART 9408 31.42 21.08 1 SKELETAL MUSCLE 10192 35.25 22.43 0 CEREBELLUM 10193 33.70 22.93 1 FRONTAL LOBE 10194 32.86 24.69 5 LIVER 10199 35.23 25.35 1 LUNG 10201 32.56 22.95 2 ADRENAL 10202 29.63 21.69 6 SPLEEN 10204 35.52 25.07 1 KIDNEY 10206 35.37 22.90 0 TESTES 10207 27.69 22.84 49 STOMACH 9404 31.12 23.72 8 ILEUM 10191 30.26 24.64 28 SIGMOID COLON 10203 28.86 22.53 17

TABLE 12 Transcript of ROR2 in human PBMCs Relative quantitation normalized with B2M NAME SAMPLE CT-ERBB2 CT-ROR1 CT-ROR2 CT-B2M ROR2 NMB7 7058 27.46 26.55 25.25 21.17 83.14 PBMC#1 11295 36.90 40.00 40.00 22.74 0.00 PBMC#2 11118 35.51 39.11 40.00 20.78 0.00 PBMC#3 11047 29.69 31.22 34.09 17.93 0.02 PBMC#4 11051 30.14 34.14 33.74 19.00 0.05 PBMC#5 11056 29.27 33.03 31.26 18.50 0.20 PBMC#6 11688 35.77 39.18 40.00 22.23 0.00 PBMC#7 11702 31.15 36.09 36.42 20.85 0.03 SPLEEN 10204 36.11 35.69 35.52 25.07 1.00

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The disclosures, including the claims, figures and/or drawings, of each and every patent, patent application, and publication cited herein are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. To the extent that any definitions in documents incorporated by reference are inconsistent with the definitions provided herein, the definitions provided herein are controlling. Although the invention has been described with reference to the presently preferred embodiments, it should be understood that various changes and modifications, as would be obvious to one skilled in the art, can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. 

1. A human anti-Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-Like Orphan Receptor 2 (ROR2) antibody, or a functional fragment thereof, wherein the antibody or fragment exhibits an IC₅₀ for ROR2 of about 10⁻⁷ to 10⁻¹¹ M⁻¹ or 10⁻⁷ to 10⁻⁹ M⁻¹, wherein the IC50 is calculated using a competition ELISA.
 2. (canceled)
 3. An antibody or functional fragment thereof according to claim 1, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof is capable of binding to one or more of the following epitopes selected from a group of epitopes consisting of: (i) (SEQ ID No. 226) TGYYQCVATNGMKTI; (ii) (SEQ ID No. 227) RGIACARFIGNRTIY; (iii) (SEQ ID No. 228) KTITATGVLFVRLGP; (iv) (SEQ ID No. 229) CQPYRGIACARFIGNRTIY; (v) (SEQ ID No. 230) QCSQFAIPSFCHFVFPLCD; (vi) (SEQ ID No. 231) ELCRDECEVLESDLC; (vii) (SEQ ID No. 232) ANCMRIGIPAERLGR;

(viii) the rest of the sequence of the extracellular domain of ROR2 (i.e. SEQ ID No. 233), or a functional fragment or variant of any of these epitopes.
 4. An antibody or functional fragment thereof according to claim 1, wherein the antibody or functional fragment thereof comprises at least one antigen binding region comprising an amino acid sequence, or a fragment or variant thereof, selected from a group consisting of:— (i) SEQ ID No:1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and/or 11; (ii) SEQ ID No:13, 15, 17, 19, 21 and/or 23; (iii) SEQ ID No:25, 27, 29, 31, 33 and/or 35; (iv) SEQ ID No:37, 39, 41, 43, 45 and/or 47; (v) SEQ ID No:49, 51, 53, 55, 57 and/or 59; (vi) SEQ ID No:61, 63, 65, 67, 69 and/or 71; (vii) SEQ ID No:73, 75, 77, 79, 81 and/or 83; (viii) SEQ ID No:85, 87, 89, 91, 93 and/or 95; (ix) SEQ ID No:97, 99, 101, 103, 105 and/or 107; (x) SEQ ID No:109, 111, 113, 115, 117 and/or 119; (xi) SEQ ID No:121, 123, 125, 127, 129 and/or 131; (xii) SEQ ID No:133, 135, 137, 139, 141 and/or 143; and/or (xiii) SEQ ID No:145, 147, 149, 151, 153 and/or
 155. 5. (canceled)
 6. (canceled)
 7. An antibody or functional fragment thereof according to claim 1, wherein the antibody of functional fragment thereof comprises a light chain variable region (VL) and/or a heavy chain variable region (VH), the light chain variable region comprising an amino acid sequence which is substantially as set out in SEQ ID Nos: 158, 162, 166, 170, 174, 178, 182, 186, 190, 194, 198, 202 or 206, or a functional fragment or variant thereof, and the heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence which is substantially as set out in SEQ ID Nos: 160, 164, 168, 172, 176, 180, 184, 188, 192, 196, 200, 204 or 208, or a functional fragment or variant thereof.
 8. (canceled)
 9. (canceled)
 10. (canceled)
 11. (canceled)
 12. An isolated peptide capable of binding to Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-Like Orphan Receptor 2 (ROR2) protein, the peptide comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence, or a fragment or variant thereof, selected from a group consisting of:— (i) SEQ ID No:1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and/or 11; (ii) SEQ ID No:13, 15, 17, 19, 21 and/or 23; (iii) SEQ ID No:25, 27, 29, 31, 33 and/or 35; (iv) SEQ ID No:37, 39, 41, 43, 45 and/or 47; (v) SEQ ID No:49, 51, 53, 55, 57 and/or 59; (vi) SEQ ID No:61, 63, 65, 67, 69 and/or 71; (vii) SEQ ID No:73, 75, 77, 79, 81 and/or 83; (viii) SEQ ID No:85, 87, 89, 91, 93 and/or 95; (ix) SEQ ID No:97, 99, lot, 103, 105 and/or 107; (x) SEQ ID No:109, 111, 113, 115, 117 and/or 119; (xi) SEQ ID No:121, 123, 125, 127, 129 and/or 131; (xii) SEQ ID No:133, 135, 137, 139, 141 and/or 143; and/or (xiii) SEQ ID No:145, 147, 149, 151, 153 and/or
 155. 13. (canceled)
 14. (canceled)
 15. A peptide according to claim 12, wherein the peptide comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence substantially as set out in SEQ ID No: 158, 162, 166, 170, 174, 178, 182, 186, 190, 194, 198, 202 or 206, or a functional variant or fragment thereof, or an amino acid sequence substantially as set out in SEQ ID No: 160, 164, 168, 172, 176, 180, 184, 188, 192, 196, 200, 204 or 208, or a functional variant or fragment thereof.
 16. The peptide according to claim 12, wherein peptide further comprises one or more protecting groups, optionally wherein the one or more protecting groups are selected from the group consisting of acetyl, amide, 3 to 20 carbon alkyl groups, Fmoc, Tboc, 9-fluoreneacetyl group, 1-fluorenecarboxylic group, 9-florenecarboxylic group, 9-fluorenone-1-carboxylic group, benzyloxycarbonyl, Xanthyl (Xan), Trityl (Trt), 4-methyltrityl (Mtt), 4-methoxytrityl (Mmt), 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylbenzenesulphonyl (Mtr), Mesitylene-2-sulphonyl (Mts), 4,4-dimethoxybenzhydryl (Mbh), Tosyl (Tos), 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl chroman-6-sulphonyl (Pmc), 4-methylbenzyl (MeBzl), 4-methoxybenzyl (MeOBzl), Benzyloxy (BzlO), Benzyl (Bzl), Benzoyl (Bz), 3-nitro-2-pyridinesulphenyl (Npys), 1-(4,4-dimentyl-2,6-diaxocyclohexylidene)ethyl (Dde), 2,6-dichlorobenzyl (2,6-DiCl-Bzl), 2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl (2-Cl—Z), 2-bromobenzyloxycarbonyl (2-Br—Z), Benzyloxymethyl (Born), t-butoxycarbonyl (Boc), cyclohexyloxy (cHxO), t-butoxymethyl (Burn), t-butoxy (tBuO), t-Butyl (tBu), and Trifluoroacetyl (TFA).
 17. An isolated nucleic acid encoding a peptide capable of binding to Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-Like Orphan Receptor 2 (ROR2) protein, the nucleic acid comprising or consisting of a nucleotide sequence, or a fragment or variant thereof, selected from a group consisting of:— (i) SEQ ID No:2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and/or 12; (ii) SEQ ID No:14, 16, 18, 20, 22 and/or 24; (iii) SEQ ID No:26, 28, 30, 32, 34 and/or 36; (iv) SEQ ID No:38, 40, 42, 44, 46 and/or 48; (v) SEQ ID No:50, 52, 54, 56, 58 and/or 60; (vi) SEQ ID No:62, 64, 66, 68, 70 and/or 72; (vii) SEQ ID No:74, 76, 78, 80, 82 and/or 84; (viii) SEQ ID No:86, 88, 90, 92, 94 and/or 96; (ix) SEQ ID No:98, 100, 102, 104, 106 and/or 108; (x) SEQ ID No:110, 112, 114, 116, 118 and/or 120; (xi) SEQ ID No:122, 124, 126, 128, 130 and/or 132; (xii) SEQ ID No:134, 136, 138, 140, 142 and/or 144; and/or (xiii) SEQ ID No:146, 148, 150, 152, 154 and/or
 156. 18. (canceled)
 19. An isolated nucleic acid sequence according to claim 17, wherein the nucleic acid comprises or consists of a nucleotide sequence substantially as set out in SEQ ID No: 157, 161, 165, 169, 173, 177, 181, 185, 189, 193, 197, 201 or 205, or a functional variant or fragment thereof, or a nucleic acid may comprise a nucleotide sequence substantially as set out in 159, 163, 167, 171, 175, 179, 183, 187, 191, 195, 199, 203 or 207, or a functional variant or fragment thereof.
 20. An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) comprising the antibody or a functional fragment thereof claim 1, and a cytotoxic moiety.
 21. A conjugate according to claim 20, wherein the cytotoxic moiety is a toxin selected from monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF) or maytansine.
 22. A chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) that comprises an ectodomain comprising the human anti-Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-Like Orphan Receptor 2 (ROR2) antibody, or a functional fragment thereof according to claim
 1. 23. A chimeric antigen receptor according to claim 22, wherein the receptor comprises a transmembrane domain, optionally wherein the transmembrane domain comprises a CD3-zeta domain, a CD28 domain, a CD4 domain, a CD8 domain, or a T cell receptor domain.
 24. A chimeric antigen receptor according to claim 22, wherein the receptor comprises an endodomain, optionally wherein the endodomain comprises one or more signalling domains, optionally wherein the signalling domain comprises a CD3-zeta signalling domain, a CD28 signalling domain, a CD137 signalling domain, or an OX-40 signalling domain.
 25. An effector cell comprising the chimeric antigen receptor according to claim 22, optionally wherein the effector cell is a leukocyte, optionally wherein the leukocyte is a lymphocyte.
 26. An effector cell according to claim 25, wherein the lymphocyte is a chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T).
 27. (canceled)
 28. (canceled)
 29. A method of treating, preventing or ameliorating cancer in a subject, the method comprising administering, to a patient in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or a functional fragment thereof according to claim 1 optionally derivatised.
 30. (canceled)
 31. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibody or a functional fragment thereof according to claim 1 optionally derivatised; and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.
 32. (canceled)
 33. (canceled)
 34. (canceled)
 35. A genetic construct comprising the nucleic acid according to claim
 17. 36. (canceled)
 37. A host cell comprising the genetic construct according to claim
 35. 38. A method of preparing a recombinant antibody or functional fragment thereof, the method comprising—(i) culturing at least one cell defined in claim 37 capable of expressing the required antibody or functional fragment thereof; and (ii) isolating the antibody or functional fragment thereof.
 39. (canceled) 